Spine
The Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA, Pub. L. 115-232, §§ 1741–1781, 50 U.S.C. §§ 4801–4861) created a statutory basis for the EAR and its enforcement, replacing the lapsed Export Administration Act of 1979 with permanent authority. ECRA § 1702(d)(4) grants judicial review rights; § 1762 provides criminal and civil penalties; Part 764 of the EAR governs BIS enforcement proceedings.
This theme captures the procedural infrastructure built under those provisions — the rules and mechanisms that determine how enforcement is conducted and how respondents can challenge BIS decisions. Actions here tend to be low-severity from a direct trade-flow perspective but structurally significant as they shape the legal environment in which exporters operate and the risk calculus for EAR compliance programs.
Related themes
- us-ear-uvl-architecture — Unverified List (substantive listing actions)
- us-military-intelligence-end-use-controls — MEI end-user controls (substantive)
- us-antiboycott-ear-architecture — Part 760 anti-boycott (substantive)
- sanctions-enforcement-civil-penalties — OFAC/OFSI civil penalty enforcement (parallel track for sanctions)