China upstream mining FDI: state-directed acquisition of critical mineral assets

Chinese SOEs and state-backed private firms — financed by China Development Bank, EXIM Bank, and Sinosure — systematically acquiring controlling stakes in the world's highest-grade critical-mineral mines. The acquisitions concentrate upstream control in Chinese hands before host-country resource nationalism policies (filed separately under em-resource-upstream-capture) take effect, creating a China-in-the-middle amplification structure where the same government that sets export controls also owns the dominant mine.