Global carbon-pricing architecture

Statutory carbon-pricing instruments creating compliance-cost channels for industry — both border-frontier mechanisms (CBAM family) that price embedded emissions of imported goods and domestic emissions-trading systems (ETS) that price covered installations directly. Distinct from the Western industrial-policy stack (which subsidises green capex) and from the EM resource-nationalism cluster (which captures upstream value-add): this theme captures the carbon-cost-pass-through plumbing that links climate-policy regimes across jurisdictions.