GCC investment liberalisation and foreign ownership reform architecture

GCC and broader Gulf state reforms opening commercial activities, wholesale/retail distribution, and non-strategic sectors to full or majority foreign ownership. Captures ministerial decisions, investment laws, and SEZ/free-zone statutory frameworks that restructure the foreign-ownership threshold and capital-floor regimes — a competitive race among Gulf states for FDI following the post-2017 liberalisation wave. Structurally distinct from gulf-sovereign-finance-infrastructure (which covers sovereign debt and capital markets) and from western-industrial-policy-stack (which covers OECD-country industrial subsidies). The defining structural feature is the bilateral/multilateral competitive dynamic: each GCC member's FDI-reform instrument implicitly responds to peer actions by UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain.