Industrial Policy & Trade Monitor· 2663 actions· ✨ 89 recent

Greece enacted Law 5164/2024, published in Government Gazette ΦΕΚ A' 202 on 12 December 2024, amending the Strategic Investments framework of Law 4864/2021 to create a new "Flagship Investments" sub-category with a 45-day strategic-approval procedure, up to 12-year income-tax stabilisation, cash grants, accelerated depreciation, and location-based incentives. Eligible projects explicitly include the production, extraction, refining and processing of EU-designated critical and strategic raw materials (aluminium, lithium, gallium, germanium per Regulation (EU) 2024/1252), circular-economy investments (reuse, repair, recycling), and the shipbuilding and maritime industry. The law is Greece's first foundational statutory alignment to the EU Critical Raw Materials Act and re-anchors Greek industrial-policy architecture to allied CRM and strategic-autonomy objectives.

China's Ministry of Commerce announced on 3 December 2024 (MOFCOM Announcement No. 46 of 2024) a formal ban on dual-use exports to the United States of gallium, germanium, antimony and superhard materials including diamond and cubic boron nitride. The measure also imposed strict end-use review on graphite exports to the US, with extra scrutiny of military end-uses. It came one day after BIS issued a major export- control package on 2 December 2024 expanding controls on Chinese semiconductor equipment and adding 140 entities to the Entity List, and was framed by MOFCOM as a national- security countermeasure.

Saudi Arabia's General Authority of Foreign Trade (GAFT), under Chairman Dr. Majed Alkassabi, issued a final affirmative determination imposing definitive anti-dumping duties on Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) — a concrete superplasticiser/water- reducing admixture — originating in or exported from China and Russia. The decision was published in the official gazette on 2 December 2024 and took effect 3 December 2024, directing the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority to collect duties in the range of 18.12%-34% for five years (to 2 December 2029). The investigation was initiated 20 November 2023 following a complaint from the Saudi domestic industry.

Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB), Bolivia's state lithium SOE, signed a USD 1.030bn services contract on 26 November 2024 with Hong Kong CBC Investment Ltd. (a CATL-CMOC-BRUNP consortium) to build and operate two direct-lithium-extraction (DLE) plants on the Salar de Uyuni — one rated at 10,000 t/yr and one at 25,000 t/yr lithium carbonate, for combined 35,000 t/yr nameplate capacity. Bolivia retains a 51% sovereign share through YLB; CBC supplies financing, EDL technology and offtake. The contract was transmitted to the Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional and the Chamber of Deputies' Plural Economy, Production and Industry Commission approved it by majority in mid-2025 (Bill No. 197/2024-2025); full plenary ratification remained pending as of May 2026, with a parallel Colcha K mixed-court suspension order on FPIC (free, prior and informed consent) grounds.

Government of Romania Decision (Hotărârea de Guvern) nr. 1464 of 21 November 2024, published in Monitorul Oficial Part I no. 1212bis of 3 December 2024, approves Romania's first National Strategy for Non-Energy Mineral Resources for the 2025-2035 period. The strategy is an 11-year programmatic public-policy framework spanning geological research, inventory and evaluation of critical + strategic raw materials, exploitation and advanced processing, environmental restoration of mining areas, superior valorisation of secondary resources from waste dumps and tailings ponds, geothermal water utilisation, and spa-tourism diversification. The strategy serves as Romania's domestic implementation framework under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation 2024/1252) and is the parent authority under which Romania submitted the three CRMA Strategic-Project applications approved by the European Commission on 25 March 2025 (Euro Sun Mining gold/copper at Rovina, Salrom salt + lithium, Verde Magnesium magnesium recovery from tailings) totalling approximately €615m of investment.

On 14 November 2024 in Port Moresby, the Papua New Guinea Mineral Resources Authority (MRA) signed a five-year Memorandum of Understanding (2025–2030) with the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the China Geological Survey (CGS), renewing a geoscience cooperation framework first established in a 2012 MoU. The agreement covers joint geochemical mapping, soil and rock sampling, remote-sensing surveys across PNG mineral provinces, and a capacity-building programme placing PNG geoscientists at Chinese universities for postgraduate degrees. At a time when the US, Australia and Japan are competing for upstream critical-minerals influence across the Pacific under the Quad and Lobito Corridor architectures, the MoU directs PNG's geological-survey knowledge production into Chinese state-affiliated channels, potentially biasing downstream mineral-rights allocation toward CGS-aligned exploration entities.

Bulgaria's Ministry of Economy and Industry, in partnership with the European Commission Structural Reform Support Directorate and contractor Ernst & Young Bulgaria, launched development of the National Industrial Strategy for Manufacturing and Mining Industry Sectors 2025-2030 on 10 October 2024. The strategy covers Bulgaria's two most carbon- and energy-intensive economic sectors — manufacturing and extractive industries — and integrates EU Critical Raw Materials Regulation, Net Zero Industry Act, and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism provisions into a national strategic framework. Expected adoption by end of 2026, it will be Bulgaria's first comprehensive post-EU-CRMA sectoral industrial-policy framework for mining and manufacturing, and closes a structural gap in the country's industrial policy architecture.

Vietnam's Ministry of Industry and Trade issued Circular 18/2024/TT-BCT on 8 October 2024, suspending the temporary-import, re-export, and transit ("tạm nhập, tái xuất, chuyển khẩu") trade of a list of scrap materials keyed to the HS-based commodity list in Ministry of Finance Circular 31/2022/TT-BTC. The suspension runs 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2029. It targets traders using Vietnam as an entrepot for scrap shipments rather than domestic recyclers, and does not apply to genuine transit trade where goods move directly from the exporting to the importing country without clearing Vietnamese customs. The stated purpose is to prevent environmental contamination, curb trade fraud, and stop Vietnam becoming a dumping ground for scrap/waste from other countries.

The US Bureau of Industry and Security issued a final rule on 5 September 2024 (effective 6 September 2024, published in the Federal Register on the same day as 89 FR 73285) establishing multilateral export controls on four categories of emerging technologies: (1) quantum computing items including quantum computers, related cryogenic / control / measurement systems, and certain quantum software; (2) gate-all-around field-effect transistor (GAAFET) production technology — the next-node semiconductor architecture beyond FinFET; (3) advanced additive-manufacturing equipment for metals + alloys; (4) certain biotech-related items added in a parallel rule on 12 September 2024. The rule operates without country exceptions for some categories, with multilateral coordination via Wassenaar + Australia Group + Nuclear Suppliers Group frameworks.

Cabinet Resolution No. 97 of 2024 is the implementing regulation of UAE Federal Decree-Law No. 43 of 2021 on Commodities Subject to Non-Proliferation. It operationalises the UAE's horizontal dual-use export-control regime, empowering the Executive Office for Control & Non-Proliferation (EOCN) to designate prohibited and restricted goods on the National Control List and to issue export/transit/re-export permits within 20 working days. The Control List covers nuclear materials, chemicals and precursors, electronics, telecommunications, sensors and lasers, navigation systems, avionics, marine and aerospace equipment, propulsion systems, and "national controlled commodities" (armoured vehicles, autonomous equipment). This is the regulatory architecture under which post-G42 advanced AI-chip outbound flows from the UAE are licensed.

Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB), Bolivia's state lithium SOE, signed a contract in September 2024 with Uranium One Group — a subsidiary of Russia's Rosatom state nuclear corporation — for the design, construction, and initial operation of an industrial direct-lithium-extraction (DLE) carbonation plant at Salar de Uyuni, with initial capacity of 14,000 t/yr lithium carbonate (expandable to 25,000–45,000 t/yr), representing a total investment exceeding USD 970 million and a 51%/49% profit-split in Bolivia's favour. The contract was approved by Bolivia's Comisión de Economía Plural in February 2025 amid corruption allegations, then suspended by parliamentary motion on 14 February 2025; a Bolivian court issued a further precautionary suspension order on 27 May 2025 on human-rights, environmental, and Mother Earth rights grounds, while the Arce government continued to insist on legislative ratification through at least 29 May 2025.

The Defence and Strategic Goods List (DSGL) 2024 was registered on the Federal Register of Legislation on 16 August 2024 under the Customs Act 1901 and Defence Trade Controls Act 2012, repealing and replacing the DSGL 2021. It comprises the Munitions List (Part 1) and the Dual-Use List (Part 2, nine technology categories including nuclear materials, chemicals, electronics, sensors and marine and aerospace equipment) that Australia controls for export, brokering and intangible transfer. The 2024 instrument periodically realigns the list with changes agreed in the multilateral non-proliferation and export-control regimes Australia belongs to (Wassenaar Arrangement, Missile Technology Control Regime, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Australia Group); most changes are clarifications to existing controls, with a smaller number of items entering or leaving control or having their approval requirements adjusted.

China's Ministry of Commerce and General Administration of Customs jointly issued Announcement No. 33 of 2024 on 15 August 2024, imposing an export licensing regime on antimony ore, antimony metal, antimony oxides (purity ≥99.99%), organic antimony compounds, antimony hydride, indium antimonide, and gold-antimony smelting technology, effective 15 September 2024. The announcement also covers six-sided top-press equipment used in superhard-materials (diamond, cubic boron nitride) production. China accounts for approximately 47% of global antimony mine output and an estimated 75-80% of refined antimony supply; in the months following implementation, Chinese antimony export volumes fell by approximately 97% and global antimony trioxide spot prices roughly doubled.

On 2 August 2024, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva sanctioned Lei nº 14.948/2024 (with partial veto, Mensagem nº 741) at a ceremony in the Pecém Industrial-Port Complex in Ceará, following Senate and Chamber approval of PL 2308/2023; the law was published in the Diário Oficial da União on 5 August 2024. The statute establishes Brazil's first comprehensive legal framework for low-carbon hydrogen: it (i) creates the National Low-Carbon Hydrogen Policy (PNH2BC) under the National Energy Policy umbrella, (ii) sets a statutory definition of "low-carbon hydrogen" as fuel/industrial input with lifecycle GHG intensity ≤ 7 kg CO₂e/kg H₂, (iii) institutes the Brazilian Hydrogen Certification System (SBCH2) for origin and emissions accreditation, (iv) creates the Special Incentive Regime for Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production (Rehidro), suspending PIS/Pasep and Cofins for five years on capital-goods, raw-materials and services purchases by qualified producers, and (v) authorises the Programa de Desenvolvimento do Hidrogênio de Baixa Emissão de Carbono (PHBC) — a tax-credit envelope capped at BRL 18.3 bn between 2028 and 2032 (subsequently regulated by Lei nº 14.990/2024 sanctioned 30 September 2024). ANP gains regulatory authority over hydrogen transportation, storage and import/export licensing, while the law amends Leis nºs 9.427/1996 (ANEEL) and 9.478/1997 (Petroleum Law) to integrate hydrogen into the energy-policy and electricity-regulation framework. Industry reporting at sanction cited >USD 30 bn in announced project pipeline, concentrated in Northeast renewable-rich states (Ceará, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte) leveraging Pecém, Suape and Açu as hydrogen-derivative export terminals.

The European Commission and the Republic of Serbia signed a non-legally-binding Memorandum of Understanding on 19 July 2024 at the Serbian Critical Raw Materials Summit in Belgrade, establishing a Strategic Partnership covering sustainable raw materials, battery value chains and electric vehicles. The MoU commits both parties to developing integrated upstream-to-downstream value chains, sharing knowledge on sustainable extraction and processing, applying high ESG standards, mobilising EU financial instruments (EIB, EBRD, Western Balkans Investment Framework, Global Gateway), and promoting skills development in battery and raw-materials sectors. Serbia's strategic importance derives from its hosting of the Jadar Valley lithium-borate deposit (Rio Tinto), estimated to contain approximately 10% of world lithium reserves and among the largest lithium deposits in Europe.

The CTRI transitional government of Gabon signed Décret n° 0276/PR/MM on 2 July 2024, establishing a dedicated legal regime for six "sovereign substances" (gold, silver, uranium, diamonds, gemstones, and rare earths) and granting the state an automatic 35% equity participation — free of all charges and non-dilutable — in any large-scale mine exploiting those materials. The decree also reserves the state an option to acquire a further 25% paid interest at market value, gives it pre-emption rights on title transfers, mandates in-country processing of extracted substances, and reserves small-scale mining titles exclusively for Gabonese nationals. Existing operators had one year from publication (until approximately 15 July 2025) to restructure their capital in compliance; the state vehicle channelling the free-carry stake is Équatoriale des Mines.

Italy's Decreto-Legge 25 giugno 2024 n. 84, converted with amendments into Legge 8 agosto 2024 n. 115 (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 189 of 13 August 2024, in force 14 August 2024), is Italy's national implementing instrument for Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (the EU Critical Raw Materials Act). It establishes a MIMIT-led national governance framework for strategic CRM projects spanning extraction, transformation, and recycling; creates a mandatory National Register of strategic companies and value chains with annual reporting on strategic-material import/export flows; divides permitting competence between MASE (extraction/recycling, max 18/10 months) and MIMIT (transformation, max 10 months); and designates INVITALIA and CDP as financing windows for Italian strategic-CRM projects seeking EU Strategic Project status under CRMA Article 6.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1735 - the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA) - was published in the Official Journal on 22 June 2024 and entered into force on 12 July 2024 (twenty days after OJ publication). It sets a binding target that at least 40% of the EU's annual deployment needs for net-zero technologies be manufactured within the EU by 2030. It establishes a streamlined permitting regime for Net-Zero Strategic Projects (NZSP) capped at 18 months for construction permits (9 months for smaller projects), creates Net-Zero Regulatory Sandboxes, and requires public procurers and auction designers to include resilience and sustainability criteria that effectively favour non-China-sourced equipment. The Act is the manufacturing-capacity complement to the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA, Reg 2024/1252, filed separately) and was explicitly designed to close the EU's competitive gap with US IRA manufacturing incentives.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1781, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), replaces the 2009 Ecodesign Directive with a cross-cutting product-sustainability framework covering nearly all physical goods placed on the EU single market. It empowers the Commission to adopt binding delegated acts setting ecodesign requirements (durability, reparability, recyclability, recycled content, chemical restrictions, energy and resource efficiency) by product category, establishes a mandatory Digital Product Passport (DPP) for supply-chain traceability, and bans the destruction of unsold consumer products. The regulation entered into force on 18 July 2024; the Commission's first ESPR and Energy Labelling Working Plan (2025–2030, COM(2025) 187) was adopted in April 2025, prioritising textiles, furniture, tyres, electronics, and iron/steel/aluminium.

Sweden amended the Minerals Act (Minerallagen, 1991:45) via Proposition 2023/24:126 and SFS 2024:325, enacted by the Riksdag on 29 May 2024 and effective 1 July 2024, removing the requirement that a Natura 2000 permit must be obtained before a mining exploitation concession (bearbetningskoncession) can be granted. The Natura 2000 assessment is decoupled from the concession track and moved to the Environmental Code's environmental-permit stage, where the full scope of the mining project is known and EU habitat-impact requirements can be completely and accurately met. The reform materially reduces the sequencing bottleneck in Swedish mine permitting, allowing the Bergmästaren (National Mining Inspectorate) to advance exploitation concessions in parallel with ongoing Natura 2000 proceedings rather than requiring prior resolution of Natura 2000 status. Sweden is Europe's largest iron ore producer and hosts the EU's largest known rare earth deposit (LKAB Per Geijer).

Australia's Future Made in Australia package, announced in the 2024-25 Federal Budget on 14 May 2024, commits A$22.7bn over 10 years to position Australia as a preferred supplier in the global clean-energy and critical-minerals supply chain. The two flagship production tax incentives are: (1) the Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive (10% of eligible processing and refining costs for 31 critical minerals) and (2) the Hydrogen Production Tax Incentive (A$2 per kg of eligible renewable or low-emissions hydrogen, 2027-2040). A National Interest Framework administered by DISR determines which investments qualify. The framework act established a Future Made in Australia Coordinator and consolidated existing industrial-support vehicles (NAIF, EFA) under a single policy lens.

Act No. 9 of 2025, given Royal Assent on 14 February 2025, enacts the two production tax credits announced in the May 2024 Future Made in Australia package. Schedule 1 creates the Hydrogen Production Tax Incentive (HPTI): A$2/kg refundable tax offset for eligible renewable hydrogen produced with emissions intensity below 0.6 kgCO2e/kg H2. Schedule 2 creates the Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive (CMPTI): a refundable 10% tax offset on eligible processing and refining expenditure for the 31 minerals on Australia's Critical Minerals List. Both offsets apply to production occurring between 1 July 2027 and 30 June 2040, capped at 10 years per project, administered by the ATO via new Divisions 419 (CMPTI) and 421 (HPTI) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997.

Moldova's Cabinet of Ministers approved Government Decision HG 280/2024 on 17 April 2024, adopting the National Industrial Development Programme 2024-2028 (Programul Național de Dezvoltare Industrială pentru 2024-2028). The programme sets a manufacturing GDP-share target from 8.2% (2023 baseline) to 11.5% by 2028 and at least 25% industrial-production volume growth, with priority given to six sectors: electronics, chemical-pharmaceutical, auto-components, textiles, construction materials, and food industry. It operationalises Moldova's EU-candidacy industrial-alignment commitments under the EU Reform and Growth Facility (€1.9bn 2024-2027 envelope) and the national development strategy European Moldova 2030. A Regional State Aid Scheme for Investments — launched January 2025 under HG 280/2024 — provides grants covering up to 60% (large/medium enterprises) or 75% (small enterprises) of qualifying investments above a MDL 10 million threshold, combined with a 75% income-tax exemption, targeting approximately 150 enterprises with ~€100 million in total state aid through 2034.

The EU Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252) entered into force on 23 May 2024 after publication in the EU Official Journal on 3 May 2024. The Act sets binding 2030 benchmarks for the Union: ≥10% of annual consumption from domestic extraction, ≥40% from domestic processing, ≥25% from domestic recycling, and a strict ≤65% concentration limit from any single third country for each strategic raw material. It establishes a list of 17 strategic raw materials and 34 critical raw materials, creates a "Strategic Project" fast-track permitting regime (≤27 months for extraction, ≤15 months for recycling), and mandates joint purchasing and supply-risk stress tests for large EU manufacturers.

Latvia's Saeima adopted on 27 March 2024 amendments to the National Security Law (Nacionālās drošības likums), entering into force on 24 April 2024, that widen the perimeter of foreign-investment and ownership transactions subject to Cabinet of Ministers pre-clearance over "companies of significance to national security." The amendments expand the universe of regulated subjects beyond registered companies to include foundations and associations, tighten the rules on beneficial-ownership disclosure, and bring additional sensitive activities — energy security including LNG-terminal acquisitions, electronic communications, cybersecurity, and critical-raw-materials processing — under the regime, while clarifying Cabinet authority to impose conditions or unwind transactions retroactively. The law functions as Latvia's horizontal FDI-screening instrument under the EU-wide cooperation framework of Regulation 2019/452.

Portugal's Council of Ministers adopted Resolution n.º 49/2024 on 26 March 2024, establishing the Sistema de Incentivos ao Investimento em Setores Estratégicos (Strategic Sectors Investment Incentive System) — a dedicated state-aid window anchored to the EU Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework (TCTF, Commission Communication C(2023)1711) and routed through Portugal's Regime Contratual de Investimento (RCI, Decree-Law 191/2014). The scheme covers green-transition equipment manufacturing (batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, heat pumps, electrolysers, CCUS) and upstream critical raw materials (lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper, rare earths, graphite, anode/cathode precursor chemistries), offering cumulative grant equivalents up to 35% of eligible investment for large enterprises and 45–55% for SMEs, Cohesion-Region operations, or strategic-priority categories. A hard 31 December 2025 approval-decision sunset tied to TCTF expiry drove a Q3–Q4 2025 project-decision rush. The scheme served as the primary domestic state-aid instrument underpinning Portugal's four EU CRMA-designated strategic projects (Savannah Barroso lithium, Lusorecursos Aguas Frias lithium, Lifthium Estarreja LiCO3/LiOH refinery, Bondalti Estarreja lithium-derivatives integration).

On 21 March 2024, Costa Rica's Ministerio de Comercio Exterior (COMEX) launched the Hoja de Ruta para el Fortalecimiento del Ecosistema de Semiconductores — the first national semiconductor roadmap published by any Latin American country — jointly presented with US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo in the context of the CHIPS Act §103 ITSI Fund partnership. President Rodrigo Chaves Robles simultaneously signed an executive decree declaring the semiconductor industry and related industries of "interés público" (public interest) and directing COMEX to lead implementation. The roadmap is organised around four pillars: Talent (Human Talent Training Incentive programme, US$6M initial budget), Incentives (OECD BEPS Pillar Two-aligned fiscal/financial R&D incentives, Free Trade Zone regime strengthening under Law 7210), Investment Attraction (CINDE-led FDI promotion targeting ATP, advanced PCB, and design-house segments), and Regulatory Improvement (customs facilitation, IP reform, export-control alignment). Costa Rica is one of seven declared ITSI-fund partner economies and hosts Intel's largest non-US assembly and test site since 1997, alongside Applied Materials, ON Semiconductor, Coherent, MaxLinear, and Boston Scientific.

Belgium's Loi du 29 février 2024 (published in the Moniteur Belge on 27 May 2024, entering into force 1 June 2026) establishes the first comprehensive federal authorisation and traceability regime for pharmaceutical raw materials used by pharmacists in extemporaneous and magistral preparations. Manufacturers, importers, and distributors of covered materials must obtain AFMPS authorisation and comply with Good Manufacturing Practice and Good Distribution Practice standards; pharmacists may only source materials from authorised actors. The statute was enacted during Belgium's EU Council Presidency (H1 2024) and directly parallels the EU Critical Medicines Alliance architecture launched in Leuven on 24 April 2024, positioning Belgium as the first EU member state to operationalise a national supply-chain control layer for pharmaceutical compounding raw materials ahead of the forthcoming EU Critical Medicines Act.

The US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) final rule (89 FR 14385; FR Doc 2024-03969; Docket 240215-0050; RIN 0694-AJ54) added 93 entities under 95 entries to the Entity List, effective 23 February 2024, with destinations Russia (63), Turkey (16), China (8), UAE (4), Kyrgyzstan (2), India (1), and South Korea (1). The dominant rationale is enforcement of Russia-diversion controls: 46 Russian defense manufacturers are designated as military end users acquiring US-origin items for Russia's armed forces, five Chinese entities (including Dennex Enterprises Limited and Shenzhen Speed Industrial Materials Co.) are cited for facilitating diversion of controlled microelectronics to Russia, and 16 Turkish firms are cited as procurement hubs obtaining US-origin items of importance to Russia's war effort. Four UAE entities are designated for transshipment networks serving both Russia and Iran. All entities are subject to a presumption of denial for EAR-controlled items; Russian military end users are additionally subject to the Russia/Belarus FDP rule (15 CFR 734.9(g)).

METI committed up to 732 billion yen (~US$4.86 billion) in direct subsidies for Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing K.K. (JASM) to build a second wafer fab adjacent to the first JASM facility in Kikuyo, Kumamoto Prefecture. Confirmed by METI Minister Ken Saito at the Fab 1 opening ceremony on 24 February 2024, two weeks after TSMC, Sony Semiconductor Solutions, Denso, and Toyota jointly announced the Fab 2 expansion (6 February 2024). Fab 2 will produce 6/7nm and 40nm logic for automotive, industrial, consumer, and HPC end-markets, with combined Fab 1 + Fab 2 capacity exceeding 100,000 12-inch wafers per month. Construction targets year-end 2024; operations target year-end 2027. Combined with the 476 billion yen Fab 1 grant, total JASM subsidies reach ~1.208 trillion yen, the largest single direct manufacturing subsidy in Japanese history. METI conditions require >=10 years of post-startup production and >=50% Japanese-domestic procurement of silicon wafers, materials, and components.

Bulgaria's National Assembly adopted on 22 February 2024 amendments to the Investment Promotion Act establishing the country's first horizontal foreign direct investment screening mechanism, published in State Gazette No. 20 on 8 March 2024 and entering into force on 12 March 2024. The regime implements EU Regulation 2019/452 by creating an Interdepartmental Screening Council with a 45-day decision window over non-EU investments meeting a 10 % equity stake or €2 million threshold in critical-infrastructure, dual-use, advanced-technology, media, and financial-infrastructure sectors, with no threshold for investments by Russian or Belarusian persons or in oil and petroleum activities. Non-compliance and false declarations carry fines of 5 % of investment value, with a minimum BGN 50,000.

Slovakia's Národná rada adopted Act No. 31/2024 Z.z. on 13 February 2024, amending Act No. 57/2018 Z.z. on Regional Investment Aid by inserting two new sections — §28a (Mimoriadna investičná pomoc / Exceptional Investment Aid) and §28b (Exceptional Investment Aid in sectors strategic for the transition to a climate-neutral economy) — creating the national legal base for disbursing the EC-approved €1 billion Slovak TCTF net-zero state-aid envelope (EC decision 15 December 2023, SA case approved under the Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework). The scheme supports manufacturers of batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, heat pumps, electrolysers, CCUS equipment, key components thereof, and related critical raw materials, with aid ceilings of €350 million per project in general districts and €150 million in Bratislava region, at aid intensities of 15–60% depending on company size and geography. Act 31/2024 is the horizontal enabling statute underpinning all large-scale Slovak net-zero state-aid awards flowing from the TCTF/NZIA envelopes — including future battery gigafactory, electrolyser, and clean-tech plant grants in the 2024–2025 window.

South Korea's National Assembly enacted the Special Act on National Resource Security (국가자원안보 특별법, Act No. 20114) on 6 February 2024, with the law taking effect on 7 February 2025 alongside its Enforcement Decree (adopted 14 January 2025). The statute is the first horizontal Korean resource-security framework, covering oil, natural gas, coal, hydrogen and government-designated critical minerals. It establishes a four-tier crisis-alert system (관심·주의·경계·심각 / Attention · Caution · Alert · Serious) under a MOTIE-led inter-ministerial committee, authorises emergency-import measures, mandatory stockpile build/release orders, supply-chain disclosure obligations and price-control powers during designated crises, and requires a five-year basic resource-security plan. The Act operationalises through Korea National Oil Corp., Korea Gas Corp. and the post-2024 KORES successor agency (KOMIR), and creates a statutory designation framework for "selected critical materials" (선도사업자) and "core resource-security companies" eligible for fiscal and financial support.

Ministerial order signed by the French Minister of Economy on 2 February 2024 and published in JORF n°0034 of 10 February 2024 establishing France's first national export-control list under Article 9 of EU Regulation 2021/821 on dual-use goods. The arrêté requires prior authorisation for exports to non-EU third countries of (i) quantum computers and their enabling technologies (qubit devices, control systems, measurement equipment) and (ii) equipment for the design, development, production, test and inspection of advanced electronic components, plus associated software and technology. The annex was substantively replaced by the Arrêté du 27 mars 2025 (explicit technical thresholds including ≥34-qubit systems with C-NOT error ≤10⁻⁴, HBM 6000+ processing performance, cryogenic cooling, dry-etch and EUV-mask tooling, and Si-28/Si-30/Ge isotopically-controlled materials) and is repealed by the Arrêté du 10 mars 2026 with entry into force 11 May 2026.

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed Decree No. 31/2024 on 26 January 2024, establishing the All-Ukrainian Economic Platform "Made in Ukraine" (Зроблено в Україні) as the foundational legal architecture for Ukraine's wartime domestic-industrial-development programme. The decree creates a coordinating body under the President — an advisory council convening the Cabinet of Ministers, Ministry of Economy, Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and State Property Fund — mandated to implement public-procurement preferential margins for Ukrainian-origin goods, administer the eRobota state-grants programme (~UAH 35 bn/year), and establish the National Cashback programme rewarding consumers for purchasing domestic goods via the Diia state-digital platform. The instrument is the statutory parent for the cluster of wartime localisation and industrial-preference measures operationalised through subsequent Cabinet Resolutions and Verkhovna Rada legislation.

Law No. 2 of 11 January 2024 (Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n. 10 of 13 January 2024, in force 14 January 2024) converts with amendments Decreto-Legge 15 November 2023, n. 161 ("Disposizioni urgenti per il «Piano Mattei» per lo sviluppo in Stati del Continente africano") into permanent law. The statute establishes Italy's first formal Africa-policy framework: a four-year strategic plan adopted by Presidential Decree (subject to parliamentary opinion), a Steering Committee ("Cabina di Regia") at Palazzo Chigi chaired by the Prime Minister, and a Mission Structure inside the Presidency to coordinate implementation. The Plan organises intervention along five thematic pillars (education/training, health, agriculture, water, energy / climate-energy nexus) across an initial nine pilot countries — Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Republic of Congo, and Tunisia — with an announced ~EUR 5.5bn envelope drawn primarily from the Italian Climate Fund (~EUR 3bn) and pre-existing development-cooperation resources (~EUR 2.5bn). Positions Italy as a transit corridor and industrial gateway between African resources and EU industry, layering onto the EU Global Gateway / Critical Raw Materials Act perimeter.