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Layered into clean-energy production credits + an EV demand-side credit + a new manufacturing-output credit, all with FEOC guardrails:
1. §30D Clean Vehicle Credit ($7,500 per EV). Two halves: $3,750 for critical-mineral sourcing (≥40% extracted/processed in US or FTA partner in 2023, ramping to ≥80% by 2027); $3,750 for battery components (≥50% manufactured/assembled in North America in 2023, ramping to ≥100% by 2029). FEOC: vehicles with battery components from a covered entity ineligible from 2024; with critical minerals from a covered entity ineligible from 2025.
2. §45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit. Per-unit credits for domestic production of: - Solar components ($/W) - Wind components ($/W or $/kg) - Battery cells ($35/kWh) + modules ($10/kWh) - Critical minerals (10% of production cost) The credit is refundable for non-tax-paying entities and transferable. This is the per-unit subsidy that reshaped battery economics — for a 75kWh pack the cell+module credit is ~$3,400, before any §30D credit at the vehicle level.
3. §48E / §45Y Clean Electricity Investment + PTC. Tech-neutral replacements for the legacy ITC/PTC; bonus credits for prevailing-wage, domestic-content, energy- community, low-income siting.
4. §45V Clean Hydrogen PTC. Up to $3/kg for green hydrogen.
5. §45Q Carbon Sequestration Credit (expanded). Increased from $50 to $85/ton for geological storage.
6. §50132 / §50143 Defense Production Act + Loan Programs. Up to $250B in loan authority for clean-energy projects and re-equipping mature manufacturing facilities.
package; the §45X manufacturing credit alone is forecast at $200B+ over 10 years as battery and solar cell production scales.
manufacturing investment toward the US (or FTA partners including Korea, Japan, Australia, Chile) at the expense of China-routed supply chains — Korean battery makers (LG ES, Samsung SDI, SK On) became major beneficiaries, with EWY weights in those names increasing meaningfully.
participation.** Even without naming an entity, the FEOC rules functionally exclude Chinese-controlled JVs from the tax-credit-eligible US battery supply chain.
+ Michigan, SK On Georgia/Tennessee — multi-billion-dollar expansions explicitly targeting §45X eligibility.
Pilbara Minerals, IGO, Albemarle Australia, Lithium Americas, Patriot Battery Metals all gained from FTA-partner status for §30D mineral-sourcing.
gained from FTA status; less so for direct-to-China contract flows.
Materials Act (filed: 2024-05-23-eu-crma) and the EU Net Zero Industry Act as competitive responses.
nickel, graphite, neodymium dossiers all see structural demand-pull from §45X + §30D mineral-sourcing rules.
of §30D and FEOC rules. What's filed here is the as-enacted state; subsequent rule rollbacks or modifications will be filed as separate actions.
scale because the bilateral-trade-share metric undercounts forward-looking flow effects. Qual override at 5 is correct.
ahead of CBO's 2022 estimate; revisit cumulative-impact framing in late 2025 once IRS Form 7207 statistics are out.