Industrial Policy & Trade Monitor· 2663 actions· ✨ 89 recent

The National Reconstruction Fund Corporation (NRFC), Australia's AUD 15 billion sovereign industrial-financing vehicle, committed AUD 150 million to Brandon Capital's Brandon BioCatalyst 6 (BB6) fund, announced 24 July 2025. Brandon Capital — Australasia's largest life-sciences venture capital manager, with over AUD 1 billion under management — closed BB6 at AUD 439 million total, with the NRFC contribution the largest single commitment. The fund backs early- and late-stage Australian medical-science companies developing therapeutics, medical devices and vaccines, with roughly one-third earmarked for early-stage ventures and the remainder for late-stage clinical development and commercialisation. NRFC frames the deal as building sovereign medical-manufacturing and R&D capability and keeping Australian biotech IP and jobs onshore rather than migrating offshore for follow-on capital.

Brazil's Foreign Trade Chamber executive committee (GECEX) issued Resolution No. 745, dated 3 July 2025 and published in the Diário Oficial da União on 4 July 2025 (Edition 124, Section 1, page 38), amending Annex I of Resolução Gecex nº 322/2022 — the Ex-Tarifário regime granting temporary duty reductions (typically to 0%) on capital- goods tariff lines with no equivalent domestic production. Sources describe roughly 429 ex-tarifário grants processed under the amendment (a mix of new and republished duty-free codes), alongside a smaller set of exclusions/revocations from the annex; the duty-free grants carry a temporary revocation date of 31 December 2025. The amendment took effect 11 July 2025 (seven days after publication). Global Trade Alert classifies the measure as a "Red" (trade-restrictive/ discriminatory) import-tariff intervention, consistent with its treatment of GECEX's narrow, discretionary Ex-Tarifário product-line grants as favouring specific importers rather than liberalising trade economy-wide.

Brazil's Foreign Trade Chamber executive committee (GECEX) issued Resolution No. 750, dated 3 July 2025 and published in the Diário Oficial da União on 4 July 2025, amending the "Lista de Autopeças Não Produzidas" (List of Non-Produced Auto Parts) under Resolução Gecex/Camex nº 284/2021. The resolution excluded 532 tariff-line/ ex-number combinations from Annex I and 33 from Annex II — reverting those lines (concentrated in rubber-based auto components such as tyres, tubes, and other rubber semi-manufactures) to Brazil's standard Mercosur Common External Tariff rate — while adding 284 new duty-reduction-eligible codes across Annexes III and IV. The amendment took effect seven days after publication (11 July 2025). Global Trade Alert classifies the measure as a "Red" (trade- restrictive) import-tariff intervention on the basis of its net duty-increasing exclusions.

The Australian Border Force published Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. TC 25/25 on 2 July 2025 under sections 269K and 269R of the Customs Act 1901, covering new Tariff Concession Order (TCO) applications and TCOs made for goods not produced domestically (solvents, adhesives, geotextiles, ceramics, glass fibre fabric, HDPE/LLDPE resins, subsea and rail hardware), each carrying a 5% general-tariff duty-free concession, plus revocations and a cheese quota allocation notice. This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

Mongolia's State Great Khural adopted Resolution No. 62 on 2 July 2025, establishing a Temporary Oversight Committee chaired by MP O. Batnairamdal to investigate the state's ownership interest and percentage in the Oyu Tolgoi Strategic Group of Deposits, including the valuation of JV License areas (Shivee Tolgoi and Javkhlant) held by Entrée LLC for the Entrée/OTLLC joint venture. The Committee conducted three-day public hearings in early December 2025, summoning approximately 300 witnesses including former Mongolian Prime Ministers and Presidents, and Rio Tinto CEO Stephen Scott. On 19 December 2025, the Committee submitted a draft resolution to Parliament, which was referred to the Standing Committee on Economics for further consideration ahead of government negotiations. The investigation creates material uncertainty for Rio Tinto's Oyu Tolgoi underground ramp-up (~480 kt/y Cu at peak) and Entrée Resources' JV License renewal, with the 2009 Investment Agreement potentially subject to renegotiation.

Australia's Anti-Dumping Commission (ADC) imposed a provisional anti-subsidy (countervailing) duty on imports of light gauge steel stud and track (LGST) from China, effective 18 June 2026, under Case 679. The investigation — initiated 30 June 2025 (initiation notice ADN 2025/053) following an application from local manufacturer Rondo Building Services Pty Ltd — covers metallic-coated LGST with a profile up to 170mm x 170mm and base metal thickness up to 0.69mm, imported under HS codes 7216.61.00, 7216.69.00, 7308.90.00 and 7216.91.00. A parallel provisional anti-dumping duty investigation on the same product is running on the same case timeline. The Commission's Statement of Essential Facts was delayed to no later than 17 June 2026, with final recommendations to the Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science expected by 17 August 2026.

Export Finance Australia (EFA), the Australian Government's export credit agency, credit-approved a loan facility of up to USD 150 million (AUD ~229.3 million) on 2025-06-27 to support Austal Limited's capital expansion at its Mobile, Alabama shipyard. The facility funds a new assembly hall, waterfront improvements, and a new ship lift system as part of a broader USD 1.2 billion expansion program tied to Austal's US Navy and US Coast Guard shipbuilding contracts and its role in the submarine industrial base. The loan documentation was signed subject to conditions precedent, with Austal executing a USD 100 million tranche of the facility shortly after.

The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) committed AUD 19.8 million to the NeoSmelt joint venture to fund a front-end engineering design (FEED) study for a direct reduced iron-electric smelting furnace (DRI-ESF) pilot plant at Kwinana, Western Australia, aimed at proving Pilbara iron ore can be converted into lower-carbon iron without a coking-coal blast furnace. The consortium, founded by BlueScope, BHP and Rio Tinto, welcomed Woodside Energy and Mitsui Iron Ore Development as new equal-equity participants alongside the grant announcement. Total project cost is AUD 48.85 million, with the study running from May 2025 to August 2026 ahead of a targeted final investment decision.

The Australian Border Force published Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. TC 25/22 on 11 June 2025 under sections 269K, 269R and 269SE of the Customs Act 1901. The gazette lists new Tariff Concession Order (TCO) applications, eight TCOs made (moving corrosion inhibitors, compostable- film polymers, furnace cooling systems, aseptic food-processing machinery, reverse-osmosis filters, oilfield drilling parts and pallet-manufacturing robotics from the 5% general tariff rate to duty-free), one withdrawn application, and five local-manufacturer-initiated TCO revocations (reinstating the 5% general tariff rate on steel access-box, formwork and crown-seal products effective 22-24 January 2025). This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

The National Reconstruction Fund Corporation (NRFC), Australia's AUD 15 billion sovereign industrial-financing vehicle, took a AUD 27 million equity stake in PolyActiva, a Melbourne biotech developing a biodegradable ocular implant (Prezia/PA5108) that delivers glaucoma medication over 6-12 months as an alternative to daily eye drops. The investment, announced 30 May 2025, forms the majority of PolyActiva's AUD 40 million Series C round, with the remaining AUD 13 million from existing investor Brandon Capital. Funds will consolidate the company's R&D, analytics and manufacturing into a single Melbourne facility, grow its ~25-person workforce, and fund completion of a Phase 2b clinical trial, with commercialisation targeted for 2029.

Export Finance Australia (EFA), Australia's export credit agency, signed a AUD 100 million loan to QGIF Swan Bidco Pty Ltd during FY2024/25, publicly disclosed via EFA's 2024/25 transaction register (published 2 September 2025) and dated 29 May 2025 by Global Trade Alert. QGIF Swan Bidco is the acquisition vehicle QIC's Global Infrastructure Fund used to take Pacific Energy Limited (ASX: PEA) private in 2019-20; Pacific Energy builds, owns and operates off-grid power generation for mining companies and remote communities, chiefly in Western Australia. The transaction is booked under EFA's Commercial Account, industry code "Mining," goods/services "Other Electricity Generation."

The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) awarded up to AUD 46 million to Australian solar technology company 5B under Round 1A of the Solar Sunshot Program, the first funding decision under the AUD 1 billion program. The award comprises up to AUD 26 million in production credits tied to Australian-based manufacturing of 5B's "Maverick" prefabricated, prewired solar deployment system, plus a AUD 20 million capital grant for technology design improvements. The funding is intended to expand 5B's Adelaide manufacturing capacity to at least 200 MW of Maverick units per year over three years and is expected to cut the company's Australian production costs by 25%.

The US Department of Commerce preliminarily determined that countervailable subsidies are being provided to producers and exporters of silicon metal from Laos, Australia, Norway, and Thailand, publishing four parallel preliminary affirmative CVD determinations on 2025-09-26 following an initiation on 2025-05-21 (petition by Ferroglobe USA, Inc. and Mississippi Silicon LLC). For Laos, Commerce set a preliminary countervailable-subsidy cash-deposit rate of 240.00% ad valorem for both the sole mandatory respondent, Lao Silicon Co., Ltd., and the all-others rate, based entirely on adverse facts available after finding the respondent did not cooperate. Companion CVD investigations against Australia, Norway, and Thailand were found affirmative the same day, each with its own preliminary subsidy-rate cash-deposit schedule. Commerce ordered CBP to suspend liquidation and require cash deposits at the indicated rates on covered entries from the Laos determination onward. Final CVD determinations are aligned with companion antidumping investigations on the same product.

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced the Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve (CMSR) on 24 April 2025 as a A$1.2bn election commitment in the 2025-26 Budget. The Department of Industry, Science and Resources released the design package on 12 January 2026, prioritising antimony, gallium, and rare earth elements as the initial focus minerals (A$1bn for offtake transactions drawn from an expanded A$5bn Critical Minerals Facility, plus A$185m for physical stockpiling and implementation). The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation Amendment (Strategic Reserve) Act 2026 passed Parliament on 31 March 2026 with effect 1 April 2026, giving Export Finance Australia (EFA) statutory power to enter offtake agreements, contracts for difference, forward contracts, and physical stockpiles for fuel and critical minerals. CMSR becomes operational in second half 2026.

President Trump signed Executive Order 14257 on 2 April 2025 declaring a national emergency over US trade deficits and imposing a baseline 10% ad-valorem tariff on imports from nearly all trading partners effective 5 April, with higher country-specific "reciprocal" rates effective 9 April. The rate schedule was constructed from a formula tied to bilateral goods-trade deficits and ranged from 10% (UK, Singapore, Brazil, Australia, others) through 20% (EU), 24% (Japan), 25% (Korea), 32% (Taiwan, Indonesia, Switzerland), 34% (China, later raised to 84% then 125% during the April escalation), 46% (Vietnam), 49% (Cambodia). Multiple subsequent EOs paused the country-specific rates for 90 days for non-China destinations on 9 April while keeping the 10% baseline, pending bilateral negotiations.

President Trump signed two Presidential Proclamations on 11 February 2025 reinstating a universal 25% ad-valorem tariff on all steel-mill products and raising the aluminum tariff from 10% to 25% on all imports into the United States, effective 12 March 2025. The proclamations revoked every bilateral exclusion and quota arrangement negotiated by the Biden administration with the EU, UK, Japan, Korea, Australia, and others under the 2021-2022 "alternative measures" frameworks, returning all trading partners to the baseline Section 232 rate without product-level or country-level carve-outs.

Australia enacted the Taxation (Multinational—Global and Domestic Minimum Tax) Act 2024 (No. 132, 2024) and its companion Imposition Act (No. 133, 2024), receiving royal assent on 10 December 2024, together implementing all three OECD/G20 GloBE charges in a single legislative cycle: an Income Inclusion Rule (IIR), an Undertaxed Profits Rule (UTPR), and a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMTT). The IIR and QDMTT apply to fiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2024 (retroactive at enactment); the UTPR applies to fiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2025. All three charges apply to Australian members of MNE groups with consolidated annual revenue ≥ EUR 750 million, administered by the Australian Taxation Office.

In a final rule published at 89 FR 84766 (FR Doc 2024-23932), the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to remove BIS licence requirements on certain spacecraft and related items — including remote-sensing spacecraft and on-orbit servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (OSAM) items — for exports and reexports to Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The rule is effective immediately on publication (23 October 2024) and is part of a three-rule package modernising the US space-related export-control regime (companion IFR 2024-23958 broadens controls relief for ~40 additional destinations; companion proposed rule 2024-23975 floats a new License Exception Commercial Space Activities). The AU/CA/UK carve-out builds on the trilateral National Technology and Industrial Base (NTIB) framework.

Australia's first standalone cyber-security statute (Act No. 98 of 2024), passed by Parliament on 25 November 2024 and granted Royal Assent on 29 November 2024, with provisions commencing in tranches through 30 May 2025. The Act creates four binding regimes: (i) mandatory security-of-things standards for connected and IoT products supplied in Australia under regulations administered by the Department of Home Affairs; (ii) a mandatory ransomware / cyber-extortion payment disclosure regime requiring reporting business entities with annual turnover above AUD 3 million to notify the Australian Signals Directorate within 72 hours of any ransom payment made by or on behalf of the entity; (iii) a statutory Cyber Incident Review Board to conduct no-blame post-incident reviews of significant cyber incidents; and (iv) a "limited use" protection restricting how information voluntarily shared with the National Cyber Security Coordinator may be used by Commonwealth agencies. The Act implements core initiatives from the 2023-2030 Australian Cyber Security Strategy and affects every firm selling connected devices into Australia or operating above the turnover threshold in Australia.

The Defence and Strategic Goods List (DSGL) 2024 was registered on the Federal Register of Legislation on 16 August 2024 under the Customs Act 1901 and Defence Trade Controls Act 2012, repealing and replacing the DSGL 2021. It comprises the Munitions List (Part 1) and the Dual-Use List (Part 2, nine technology categories including nuclear materials, chemicals, electronics, sensors and marine and aerospace equipment) that Australia controls for export, brokering and intangible transfer. The 2024 instrument periodically realigns the list with changes agreed in the multilateral non-proliferation and export-control regimes Australia belongs to (Wassenaar Arrangement, Missile Technology Control Regime, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Australia Group); most changes are clarifications to existing controls, with a smaller number of items entering or leaving control or having their approval requirements adjusted.

President Lukashenko signed Decree No. 278 on 10 July 2024, extending the prohibitive import customs duty regime established under Decree No. 16 (12 January 2024) through 30 June 2025, preventing its lapse at year-end 2024. The decree also expands the commodity list subject to elevated import duty rates. The measure explicitly frames the duties as retaliatory, targeting goods originating from states designated as "unfriendly" to Belarus — principally EU member states, the US, UK, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and other sanctioning jurisdictions. Co-ordinated with Russia's EAEU parallel-import framework (Resolution No. 506), the regime affects the cost arithmetic for sanctioned-goods routing through EAEU customs-union channels and signals continued institutionalisation of Belarus's counter-sanctions architecture.

On 2 June 2024, Treasurer Jim Chalmers signed the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers (Disposal of Interests in Northern Minerals Limited) Orders 2024 (F2024N00475), directing five China-linked foreign investors to divest a combined 613,573,632 shares in Northern Minerals Limited (ASX: NTU) to non-associates by 2 September 2024 on national-security grounds. The five named investors are Yuxiao Fund Pte Ltd, Black Stone Resources Limited, Indian Ocean International Shipping and Service Company Limited, Ms Ximei Liu, and Mr Xi Wang, together holding approximately 10.4% of NTU's total shares. NTU owns the Browns Range Heavy Rare Earths Project in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia — one of the few commercial-scale dysprosium and terbium deposits outside China. This is the foundational FATA s.69(2) disposal-order instrument; non-compliance led to an AUD 14 million Federal Court penalty in January 2026 and a second tranche of disposal orders against six further China-linked investors in May 2026.

Australia's Future Made in Australia package, announced in the 2024-25 Federal Budget on 14 May 2024, commits A$22.7bn over 10 years to position Australia as a preferred supplier in the global clean-energy and critical-minerals supply chain. The two flagship production tax incentives are: (1) the Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive (10% of eligible processing and refining costs for 31 critical minerals) and (2) the Hydrogen Production Tax Incentive (A$2 per kg of eligible renewable or low-emissions hydrogen, 2027-2040). A National Interest Framework administered by DISR determines which investments qualify. The framework act established a Future Made in Australia Coordinator and consolidated existing industrial-support vehicles (NAIF, EFA) under a single policy lens.

Act No. 9 of 2025, given Royal Assent on 14 February 2025, enacts the two production tax credits announced in the May 2024 Future Made in Australia package. Schedule 1 creates the Hydrogen Production Tax Incentive (HPTI): A$2/kg refundable tax offset for eligible renewable hydrogen produced with emissions intensity below 0.6 kgCO2e/kg H2. Schedule 2 creates the Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive (CMPTI): a refundable 10% tax offset on eligible processing and refining expenditure for the 31 minerals on Australia's Critical Minerals List. Both offsets apply to production occurring between 1 July 2027 and 30 June 2040, capped at 10 years per project, administered by the ATO via new Divisions 419 (CMPTI) and 421 (HPTI) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997.

Released 9 May 2024 by the Minister for Resources Madeleine King through the Department of Industry, Science and Resources, the Future Gas Strategy is Australia's first national-level gas-policy framework, explicitly committing gas to a continuing supply role "through to 2050 and beyond" in support of the net-zero transition. The Strategy is built on six guiding principles -- gas must remain affordable for Australian users during transition, reliable supply requires new sources, emissions from production and use must be reduced, gas exports remain critical to global decarbonisation pathways, competitive gas markets are essential, and collaboration is needed to deliver these objectives -- and is paired with a separate Future Gas Strategy Analytical Report. It sets the Commonwealth policy posture for all subsequent LNG-export approval decisions (Northwest Shelf, Beetaloo, Scarborough), east-coast domestic-supply policy (including the AEMO gas-statement-of- opportunities forecast and any future domestic-reservation intervention), and Australia's international posture on long-term LNG offtake renewals with Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

The US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) issued an interim final rule (IFR) amending the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to remove list-based license requirements — including National Security Column 1 (NS1), Regional Stability Column 1 (RS1) and Missile Technology Column 1 (MT1) reasons-for-control — for exports, reexports and in-country transfers to or within Australia and the United Kingdom. The IFR also expands the availability of license exceptions and reduces the scope of end-use and end-user-based license requirements for the two AUKUS partners, while leaving firearms-related items (Crime Control / CC) and a narrow set of other ECCNs untouched. The rule is the EAR-side companion to a parallel DDTC proposed rule creating an ITAR §126.7 exemption for defense articles and services traded among authorised AU/UK/US users, and is the foundational regulatory implementation of the AUKUS Pillar 2 advanced-capability cooperation track.

The Defence Trade Controls Amendment Act 2024 (C2024A00021) received Royal Assent on 8 April 2024 and created three new criminal offences in the Defence Trade Controls Act 2012: section 10A (supply of Defence and Strategic Goods List technology in Australia to a non-exempt foreign person); section 10B (secondary supply of DSGL Part 1 Munitions or Part 2 Dual-Use Sensitive/Very Sensitive goods or technology outside Australia when originally exported from Australia); and section 10C (provision of DSGL Part 1 services to foreign nationals outside Australia). All three offences carry maximum penalties of 10 years imprisonment or 2,500 penalty units (~A$782,500), or both. The offence framework commenced 1 September 2024 with a six-month compliance-transition period; criminal liability attached from 1 March 2025. The Act also codifies AUKUS-partnership exemptions, carving out supplies to and from citizens and permanent residents of the United Kingdom and United States, underpinning the licence-free trilateral technology-transfer environment sought under AUKUS Pillar 2.

On 8 December 2023 the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) published a direct final rule (88 FR 85479; FR Doc 2023-26532) making two export-liberalisation amendments to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). First, BIS removes Chemical and Biological Weapons (CB) proliferation column controls from the Commerce Country Chart for exports of certain pathogens and toxins (ECCNs 1C351, 1C353, and 1C354) when destined to Australia Group (AG) member countries, on the basis that AG members operate equivalent domestic CBW-export controls. Second, the rule revises the Crime Control and Detection (CC) column entries for Austria, Finland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, South Korea, Sweden, and Switzerland, reflecting the updated US assessment of those countries' law-enforcement export-control standards. Both changes are effective on publication and reduce US export-licensing burdens for allied-country destinations without altering controls for non-allied markets.

The National Reconstruction Fund Corporation Act 2023 (Act No. 12 of 2023, Cth) received royal assent on 11 April 2023 and established the National Reconstruction Fund Corporation (NRFC) as a corporate Commonwealth entity under the PGPA Act 2013, formally constituted on 18 September 2023. The Act commits A$15 billion of concessional finance (loans, equity and guarantees) to projects in seven declared priority areas: renewables and low-emission technologies; medical science; transport; value-add in agriculture, forestry and fisheries; value-add in resources; defence capability; and enabling capabilities (advanced manufacturing, AI, robotics, quantum). The NRFC predates and underpins the 2024 Future Made in Australia package -- it is the equity/loan-finance instrument of the Australian industrial-policy stack, distinct from the FMIA umbrella framework and from the FMIA Production Tax Credits Act 2024 (the tax-credit instrument).

On 4 April 2022 Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs registered the Autonomous Sanctions (Export Sanctioned Goods—Russia) Amendment (No.1) Designation 2022, made under the Autonomous Sanctions Regulations 2011. It amended the existing Export Sanctioned Goods—Russia designation to add further categories of goods to the list of items whose export, supply or transfer to Russia is prohibited, extending an export-ban regime introduced in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. It took effect on registration.

Australia designated aluminium ores (including bauxite), alumina and aluminium hydroxide as "export sanctioned goods" for Russia under the Autonomous Sanctions (Export Sanctioned Goods -- Russia) Designation 2022, banning their export from Australia to Russia effective 20 March 2022. Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced the measure a day earlier as part of Australia's response to the invasion of Ukraine, framing it as an attack on Russia's aluminium industry, which sourced roughly 20% of its alumina from Australian supply. Rusal, Russia's dominant aluminium producer, was identified as the primary target.

The Autonomous Sanctions Amendment (Ukraine Regions) Regulations 2022 (F2022L00179) apply to the Ukrainian regions of Donetsk and Luhansk the autonomous sanctions measures already in place for Crimea and Sevastopol, commencing 28 March 2022. DFAT describes the measures as prohibiting trade in the transport, energy, telecommunications, and oil, gas and minerals sectors of those regions. Foreign Minister Marise Payne announced Australia's response on 24 February 2022, alongside listings of Russian individuals and banks.

On 22 July 2021, Australia's Minister for Industry, Science and Technology announced an AUD 14.8 million Modern Manufacturing Initiative grant to Lynas Rare Earths for a new Rare Earth Carbonate Refining Circuit at its planned Kalgoorlie, Western Australia processing facility. The published GrantConnect award record (GA200152, approved 16 June 2021) lists the contracted grant value to recipient Lynas Kalgoorlie Pty Ltd at AUD 15,618,958.30 (GST inclusive). The process reduces chemical consumption and processing cost for refining ore from Lynas's Mt Weld deposit onshore in Australia, reducing reliance on Chinese midstream rare earth refining capacity.

The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), Australia's government-owned green bank, approved a senior project finance loan of up to USD 47 million to Salt Lake Potash Ltd (ASX/AIM: SO4), part of a USD 138 million syndicated senior debt facility (alongside Taurus Mining Finance Fund No. 2) to build the Lake Way sulphate-of-potash (SOP) brine project near Wiluna, Western Australia. The facility funds construction of Australia's first greenfield SOP brine operation, part-powered by a 5MW solar farm and 2MW battery, targeted at cutting SOP production emissions by more than 30% versus conventional non-brine methods.

Russia Federal Law No. 127-FZ of 4 June 2018 "On measures (countermeasures) regarding the unfriendly actions of the United States of America and other foreign states" establishes the statutory authority under which the President and Government of the Russian Federation may impose counter-measures against states that engage in "unfriendly actions" toward Russia. The law enumerates permissible countermeasure categories — including import/export prohibitions, restrictions on foreign participation in Russian state procurement, suspension of international cooperation obligations, and prohibition of foreign-company services and transactions — and delegates implementation authority to the President (primary) and Government. It entered into force on the day of official publication (4 June 2018) and is the foundational parent statute for every major Russian counter-sanctions presidential decree and government resolution subsequently issued, including the gas-for-roubles payment regime, capital controls, parallel- imports authorisation, and asset-confiscation counter-mechanism.

The Autonomous Sanctions Act 2011 (Cth Act No. 38 of 2011; assented 12 April 2011, commenced 6 December 2011 with the Autonomous Sanctions Regulations 2011) is Australia's foundational parent statute enabling the entire autonomous sanctions regime — economic and travel measures imposed unilaterally by Australia independently of UN Security Council mandatory obligations. The Minister for Foreign Affairs may, by legislative instrument, impose targeted financial sanctions, travel bans, and vessel-dealing prohibitions on designated persons, entities, and vessels. As of 2026 the Act underpins Australia's autonomous sanctions programs against Russia, Iran, DPRK, Myanmar, Belarus, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, Libya, Ukraine (occupied territories), and other regimes, and was materially extended in December 2021 to authorise Magnitsky-style thematic human-rights and corruption sanctions. Structurally peer-foundational to the UK Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 (SAMLA), Canada's Special Economic Measures Act 1992 (SEMA), Japan's FEFTA sanctions provisions, and the EU's Anti-Coercion Instrument — the ASA 2011 completes the G7+AU sanctions-parent-statute set in the IPTM register.