Industrial Policy & Trade Monitor· 2667 actions· ✨ 89 recent

The European Commission and the US announced on 24 April 2026 the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on a strategic partnership on critical minerals, accompanied by an EU-US Critical Minerals Action Plan. The framework deepens cooperation on supply-chain security across the strategic raw-materials list shared between the two jurisdictions — joint financing, recycling, mutual recognition of strategic- project status under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (filed: 2024-05-23-eu-crma-entry-into-force) and US IRA §30D / §45X frameworks (filed: 2022-08-16-us-inflation-reduction-act). The agreement is positioned as a joint response to non-market practices in third-country supply chains for the named materials.

The European Commission adopted Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/734 of 26 March 2026, imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of synthetic continuous filament yarns of aliphatic polyamides (nylon yarn) originating in China, following an investigation initiated in July 2025. The duty entered into force on 28 March 2026, with a residual rate of 90.1% of the net free-at-Union-frontier price for non-cooperating exporters and individual company rates ranging from 57.7% to 67.1% for cooperating producers. The measure covers CN codes 5402 31 00, 5402 45 00, 5402 51 00 and 5402 61 00, and importers must post security deposits equal to the provisional duty to release goods for free circulation in the EU pending a definitive determination.

The European Investment Fund (EIF), part of the EIB Group, announced on 9 February 2026 an anchor investment of EUR 300 million (~USD 354.8 million) in Seaya Growth Tech Fund I, a Spain-based pan-European growth venture capital vehicle targeting a EUR 1 billion final close. The commitment is made under the European Tech Champions Initiative (ETCI), and the fund will make growth-stage (Series C+) equity investments in European companies across applied AI, deep-tech, fintech, climate solutions, smart manufacturing, supply-chain resilience, capital-market autonomy, cybersecurity and environmental technology. Global Trade Alert separately logs the transaction as a "red"-flagged state-linked financial-investment-support intervention.

On 3 February 2026 the European Commission opened an in-depth Phase II investigation under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) — the second FSR ex officio case and the first targeting the renewable-energy wind-OEM sector — into whether Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd. and its EU affiliates received Chinese foreign subsidies (grants, preferential tax treatment, and state-bank preferential financing) that distort competition for wind-turbine supply and services in the EU internal market. The case (FS.100143) follows the April 2024 preliminary-review opening and subjects Goldwind to an 18-month Phase II investigation with potential redressive-measures decision. The action structurally extends the FSR enforcement perimeter from security equipment (Nuctech, FS.100068) into the green-transition energy-equipment supply chain.

The European Investment Bank signed guarantee agreements with Banco Santander totalling EUR 450 million on 29 January 2026, announced by EIB Group President Nadia Calviño during the Group's results presentation in Brussels. The guarantees are expected to unlock around EUR 900 million in new supply-chain financing for European companies: EUR 400 million for security-and-defence manufacturers (cybersecurity, surveillance, resilience and defence-technology suppliers) under the EIB's EUR 3 billion pan-European intermediated financing instrument for the defence industrial base, and EUR 500 million for companies in clean technologies, telecommunications and digital infrastructure via reverse-factoring supply-chain-finance instruments. Santander is reported as the fourth major European bank to sign under the defence-supply-chain programme, and the clean-tech/digital tranche contributes to the EIB Group's TechEU initiative.

On 29 January 2026, European Council President António Costa and Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính signed a Joint Statement in Hanoi upgrading EU-Vietnam bilateral relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) — the highest tier in Vietnam's diplomatic hierarchy, placing the EU on the same level as Vietnam's CSPs with China, Russia, India, South Korea, Japan, Australia, France, and the United States. The CSP establishes a reinforced bilateral cooperation framework spanning critical raw materials, semiconductor supply chains, artificial intelligence, trusted 5G infrastructure, climate and energy transition, security and defence (including cyber and maritime), and full implementation of the 2019 EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) tariff-elimination schedule plus ratification of the EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA). It is the EU's eleventh CSP globally and its second in Southeast Asia (after Singapore, 2024), and constitutes the foundational bilateral parent framework for all future EU-Vietnam cooperation under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) Article 13 third-country strategic-project designation pipeline, given Vietnam's approximately 22 Mt rare-earth reserves — the world's second-largest deposit after China.

On 27 January 2026 the European Union and India announced the conclusion of negotiations on a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement at the EU-India summit hosted at Hyderabad House in New Delhi, attended by PM Narendra Modi, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and Council President António Costa. The deal — described by both leaders as the "mother of all deals" — covers ~25% of world GDP and ~2 billion people. The EU eliminates duties on 91% of tariff lines (covering 99.3% of bilateral trade by value); India eliminates duties on 86% of lines (covering 96.6% by value). Headline cuts include Indian tariffs on EU wines (150% → 75% at entry into force, falling to 20%), olive oil (45% → 0% over five years) and processed agri-food (up to 50% eliminated); EU tariffs are reduced/eliminated on Indian textiles, leather/footwear, gems and jewelry, marine products, tea, coffee, spices and certain agricultural and steel products. The agreement still requires Council adoption, European Parliament consent and approval by India's Union Council of Ministers; entry into force is expected in early 2027. Companion instruments concluded at the same summit include an EU-India Security and Defence Partnership and a Mobility and Migration Agreement.

The European Investment Bank signed a EUR 200 million risk-sharing guarantee with Banco Santander SA on 19 December 2025 under the "Santander Pan-EU Defence Supply Chain" project (EIB ref. 20250338), against a total project cost of EUR 560 million. The instrument targets large corporate buyers and their suppliers whose main activity is in the security and defence sector, addressing financing gaps tied to information asymmetry, collateral constraints and credit-screening frictions. The EIB frames the operation under Article 309(c) TFEU, tying it to European strategic autonomy and defence-industrial resilience objectives; Global Trade Alert separately logged the transaction as a "red"-flagged state-linked lending-support intervention.

The European Investment Bank signed a EUR 100 million multi-beneficiary intermediated loan with Piraeus Bank SA on 18 December 2025 under the "Piraeus Bank L4SMEs Security & Defence" project (EIB ref. 20250612, approved 12 November 2025). At least 50% of the on-lent amount must go to SMEs and mid-caps active in Greece's security and defence sector, addressing constrained access to finance these firms face due to sector-specific sensitivities and dual-use classification. The EIB describes it as its first-ever financing in Greece dedicated to the security and defence sector, part of a wider Pan-EU Security & Defence Lending Envelope; Global Trade Alert separately logged the transaction (reporting the headline amount as EUR 200 million) as a "red"-flagged state-linked lending-support intervention.

The European Investment Bank agreed to lend up to EUR 870 million to Nokia to accelerate research and development of next-generation mobile network technologies (5G-Advanced and 6G radio access network hardware and software). The facility is structured in two tranches of EUR 435 million each: the first was signed in December 2025, with the second expected to be signed in mid-2026. The financing is delivered under the EIB's TechEU initiative and backed by an InvestEU guarantee, explicitly framed around EU strategic autonomy in mobile-network technology and support for EU security and defence objectives given the cybersecurity features of the radio networks involved.

On 16 December 2025 the European Commission adopted in Strasbourg the Proposal for a Regulation establishing a framework of measures for strengthening the Union's biotechnology and biomanufacturing sectors particularly in the area of health — the "European Biotech Act" (COM(2025) 1022 final). The proposal is the third axis of the EU's pharma/biotech industrial-policy stack alongside the Critical Medicines Act (filed: 2025-03-11-eu-critical-medicines-act-proposal) and the US Section 232 pharmaceuticals track (filed: 2026-04-02-us-section-232-pharmaceutical-proclamation), and is explicitly designed to keep biotech innovation, investment, and biomanufacturing capacity in Europe in the face of US/China competitiveness pressure. Core instruments: (1) statutory recognition for "Health Biotechnology Strategic Projects" (HBSPs) and "High-Impact" HBSPs eligible for accelerated permitting via a single national contact point, plus administrative/technical/ financial support; (2) regulatory sandboxes for novel biotech and biomanufacturing modalities; (3) a 12-month Supplementary Protection Certificate extension for qualifying biotech and advanced-therapy medicines; (4) targeted simplification of existing EU life-sciences acquis (clinical-trial timelines, risk-proportionate requirements); (5) an EU Health Biotechnology Investment Pilot co-developed with the EIB Group, paired with a EUR 10bn 2026-27 EIB-Commission financing initiative; (6) biosecurity safeguards including a list of "biotechnology products of concern" and mandatory built-in screening for benchtop nucleic-acid synthesis devices. A second tranche covering industrial biotechnologies and biomanufacturing outside health is expected later in 2026.

On 11 December 2025 the Council of the EU presidency, the European Parliament, and the European Commission reached provisional political (trilogue) agreement on the revision of Regulation (EU) 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union, concluding interinstitutional negotiations on the Commission's proposal of 24 January 2024. The revised regime upgrades the 2019 cooperation-mechanism-only framework into a hybrid harmonised/mandatory regime: all 27 Member States must establish FDI screening mechanisms (replacing the current patchwork in which some Member States have no mechanism at all); mandatory minimum sectoral scope is set EU-wide and covers dual-use items, military equipment, hyper-critical technologies (general-purpose AI with space/defence relevance, quantum technologies, semiconductors), critical raw materials, critical entities in energy/transport/digital infrastructure, electoral infrastructure, and certain financial-system entities; foreign investments routed through EU subsidiaries fall within the perimeter; a shared database prevents Member-State arbitrage; and an optional single electronic-filing portal becomes available if requested by at least nine Member States. Screening decisions remain the exclusive responsibility of the Member State in which the investment is made. Once the Regulation enters into force (after Council and Parliament formal adoption and OJ publication, both pending as of the political-agreement date), the new rules will apply after an 18-month transition period — implementation expected toward the end of 2027.

On 10 December 2025 the European Commission opened an in-depth investigation under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) — its first ex officio Phase II investigation — into whether Chinese state-controlled security-scanner producer Nuctech received foreign subsidies enabling it to offer prices and conditions that EU competitors could not match across airport, port, and border-crossing markets. Nuctech Technology, controlled by Tsinghua Tongfang (PRC state-linked), operates EU subsidiaries in Poland and the Netherlands (Nuctech Warsaw and Nuctech Netherlands), supplying threat-detection scanners to roughly 80% of EU airports and 70% of EU sea and land border crossings. The case (FS.100068) followed April 2024 unannounced FSR dawn raids at Nuctech's Polish and Dutch premises — one of the first uses of FSR inspection powers — and sets a precedent for ex officio scrutiny of state-subsidised foreign incumbents beyond the M&A and public-procurement tracks where FSR had previously operated.

On 8 December 2025 the Council of the EU gave final approval to Regulation (EU) 2025/2643 establishing the European Defence Industry Programme (EDIP), the first dedicated EU defence-industrial regulation. The regulation was signed on 17 December 2025 and entered into force on 30 December 2025 following publication in the Official Journal. EDIP provides EUR 1.5bn in grants for 2025-2027 plus an earmarked EUR 300m Ukraine Support Instrument, sets a statutory cap limiting non-EU/EEA components to 35% of estimated component cost in end-products procured with Union funding, and creates EU-level demand-aggregation, common procurement and security-of-supply frameworks for defence products.

On 3 December 2025 the European Commission adopted the RESourceEU Action Plan (COM(2025) 945 final), a horizontal critical-raw-materials supply-security instrument complementing the 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act. The plan mobilises €3 billion in EU funds within twelve months for priority CRM projects, creates a European Critical Raw Materials Centre operational from 2026 (modelled on Japan's JOGMEC) acting as portfolio manager for diversified supply chains, joint purchasing and stockpiling, and activates the Internal Market Emergency and Resilience Act (IMERA) "vigilance" and "emergency" modes from May 2026 with mandatory information requests, priority deliveries and coordinated stockpile distribution. A targeted CRMA amendment expands product labelling for permanent-magnet recycling and adds export controls on permanent-magnet and aluminium scrap. Targets a 30-50% reduction by 2029 in single-country dependency for battery, rare-earth and defence raw-material value chains.

The European Investment Fund (EIF), part of the EIB Group, invested EUR 20 million (~USD 23.1 million) on 6 November 2025 in TIN Capital's European Cyber Tech Fund V, a growth-equity vehicle backing European cybersecurity scale-ups. EIF's participation is supported under the European Commission's InvestEU programme; alongside Invest-NL and private investors, the fund closed at over EUR 80 million. The EIF frames the investment as strengthening Europe's digital security and autonomy amid incoming EU cybersecurity regulation (NIS2, the Cybersecurity Act, DORA). Global Trade Alert separately logs the transaction as a "red"-flagged state-linked financial investment-support intervention.

On 19 September 2025, the European Investment Fund (EIF), part of the European Investment Bank Group, signed a EUR 260 million (USD ~305 million) anchor-investor commitment into Jolt Capital V, a growth-stage deep-technology venture capital fund targeting a EUR 1 billion final close. The commitment is funded largely through the European Tech Champions Initiative (ETCI), an EU-backed programme that has committed over EUR 2.5 billion across 11 scale-up technology funds and aims to mobilise EUR 10 billion in total resources for late-stage European tech companies. Jolt Capital V will invest in growth-stage B2B companies across semiconductors, cybersecurity, AI, industry 4.0, new materials and mobility, sectors the EIB Group frames explicitly around European strategic autonomy and competitiveness.

The European Investment Bank signed a EUR 450 million loan with Thales to finance the group's 2025-2027 research and development investment programme in aeronautics and radar. The aeronautics stream targets safety and efficiency improvements for civil and military flight; the radar stream funds modernisation of existing equipment and development of a new generation of civil and military radar systems and software. The EIB frames the deal as its first-ever corporate loan to Thales and one of the largest it has extended to Europe's security and defence sector, part of a EUR 3.5 billion (3.5% of 2025 financing) EIB Group allocation to security and defence.

The European Investment Bank signed a EUR 385 million financing agreement with Spanish technology group Indra on 15 July 2025 to fund research, development and innovation in defence and space technologies — radar, electronic defence, electro-optics, command-and-control communications and advanced digitalisation. The financing backs construction of the Indra Technology Hub, an integrated R&D and advanced-manufacturing centre in Torrejón de Ardoz (Madrid region), and covers Indra's planned 2025-2028 capital and operating expenditure in Spain. The EIB describes it as its largest financing agreement in Spain to date and part of a EUR 3.5 billion (3.5% of 2025 Group financing) EIB allocation to European security and defence capability-building. Global Trade Alert separately logged the transaction as a "red"-flagged state-linked lending-support intervention.

On 25 June 2025 the European Commission adopted COM(2025) 335 final, a proposed Regulation establishing a single market for space activities — the first EU-level framework harmonising the authorisation, registration and supervision of space activities across Member States, replacing 13 fragmented national regimes. The Act rests on three pillars: safety (mandatory tracking of space objects, space- debris mitigation rules, an EU registry of space objects), resilience (cybersecurity requirements scaled to company size and risk profile) and sustainability (environmental impact assessment and active debris-removal R&D). It applies to both EU and non-EU operators providing space services in Europe, giving it extraterritorial reach over SpaceX/Starlink, Amazon Kuiper, OneWeb, Chinese SatNet/G60 and ISRO. The proposal is being negotiated under the ordinary legislative procedure; the Competitiveness Council of 9 December 2025 broadly endorsed its objectives, and the public consultation closed on 7 November 2025.

On 18 June 2025 the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the BPCE banking group signed a EUR 300 million loan agreement to expand financing available to French small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) active in the security and defence supply chain, delivered through BPCE's Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne networks. It is the first such operation the EIB has signed in France, and the second in Europe, under the EIB's Pan-EU Security & Defence Lending Envelope, which was expanded from EUR 1 billion to EUR 3 billion earlier in 2025 (a first tranche was signed with Deutsche Bank in Germany the preceding week). Funds are earmarked for SMEs investing in cybersecurity, surveillance, resilience, and defence technologies.

On 11 June 2025 the European Investment Bank (EIB) and Deutsche Bank signed a EUR 500 million framework loan agreement, enabling roughly EUR 1 billion in on-lending to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European security and defence supply chain, as well as military and police infrastructure such as training facilities. It is the first operation signed under the EIB's Pan-EU Security & Defence Lending Envelope, which was tripled from EUR 1 billion to EUR 3 billion around the same date, and was unveiled by EIB Group President Nadia Calviño at the European Defence and Security Summit in Brussels.

On 27 May 2025 the Council of the EU adopted Council Regulation (EU) 2025/1106 establishing the Security Action for Europe (SAFE) through the Reinforcement of the European Defence Industry Instrument. Published in the Official Journal of the EU and entering into force on 29 May 2025, SAFE is the EU's flagship financial pillar of the ReArm Europe / Readiness 2030 plan: it provides up to EUR 150bn in competitively priced long-maturity loans — raised by the Commission on capital markets via NGEU-style EU borrowing — to Member States for joint procurement of defence capabilities. Funded equipment must meet a 65% EU/EEA/Ukraine local-content rule, and procurement must involve at least one SAFE-beneficiary Member State plus another Member State (Ukraine, EEA-EFTA members and SAFE-associated countries also eligible).

The European Investment Fund (EIF), part of the EIB Group, and the European Commission announced a EUR 40 million (~USD 45.2 million) investment in Keen Venture Partners' European Defence and Security Tech Fund on 22 May 2025. The commitment is made under the InvestEU Defence Equity Facility (DEF), a EUR 175 million joint instrument (EUR 100 million from the European Defence Fund plus EUR 75 million from the EIF) created to close the equity-financing gap for early-stage European defence and dual-use technology companies through 2027. The Keen fund targets a final size of EUR 125 million and plans to back 20-25 early-stage startups across European NATO countries working on information superiority, cyber defence, robotics, AI, autonomous systems and space technologies. Global Trade Alert separately logs the transaction as a "red"-flagged state-linked financial-investment-support intervention.

On 11 March 2025 the European Commission published its proposal for a Critical Medicines Act (CMA), pillar of the broader EU pharmaceutical-resilience agenda alongside the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (filed: 2024-05-23-eu-crma-entry-into-force) and the IRA-style industrial-policy stack. The proposal targets supply security of an EU "Union List" of critical medicines (antibiotics, anti-thrombotics, oncology, cardiovascular, insulin, painkillers) by introducing four mechanisms: (1) Strategic Project status with expedited funding access for critical-medicine manufacturing or active-substance production; (2) public-procurement preferences favouring resilient supply chains and — in defined cases — EU-based production; (3) collaborative cross-Member-State procurement to address fragmented small markets; (4) state-aid framework guidance + international-partnership diversification to reduce single-country (often China-routed) API dependency.

Joint Communication JOIN(2025) 9 final, adopted 21 February 2025, establishes the EU's first cable-infrastructure-specific resilience framework. It introduces a four-pillar Cable Security Toolbox (prevention, detection, response/recovery, deterrence), designates Cable Projects of European Interest (CPEIs) for priority public funding, and allocates €347 million under the Connecting Europe Facility Digital programme for cross-border subsea cable diversification, redundancy, and repair-ship capacity. The plan also formalises EU-NATO Task Force on Resilience of Critical Undersea Infrastructure follow-on workstreams and establishes an attribution and diplomatic-response framework for cable-sabotage incidents, referencing Baltic Sea cable-cutting events from 2023 to 2025.

Commission Recommendation (EU) 2025/63 of 15 January 2025, published in the Official Journal on 16 January 2025 (CELEX 32025H0063), is the first EU-level instrument operationalising outbound-investment screening. It is a legally non-binding act that asks Member States to designate a Single Contact Point and competent national authorities by 15 March 2025 and to review outbound transactions by EU investors into third countries in three strategic sectors — advanced semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and quantum technologies — covering acquisitions, mergers, joint ventures, greenfield investments, asset/IP transfers, and venture-capital instruments completed since 1 January 2021. Member States must submit an interim update by 15 July 2025 and a comprehensive report on review outcomes and identified risks by 30 June 2026, feeding into the EU's broader Economic Security Strategy and the binding outbound-investment legislative instrument the Commission has signalled for 2026-2027.

Regulation (EU) 2025/38 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 lays down measures to strengthen solidarity and capacities in the Union to detect, prepare for, and respond to cyber threats and incidents, and amends Regulation (EU) 2021/694 (Digital Europe Programme). Published in the Official Journal on 15 January 2025; entered into force on 4 February 2025 (20 days after OJ publication). The regulation establishes (i) a European Cybersecurity Alert System composed of national and cross-border Security Operations Centre (SOC) hubs interconnected EU-wide, (ii) a Cybersecurity Emergency Mechanism funded through the Digital Europe Programme, (iii) an EU Cybersecurity Reserve of trusted private-sector incident-response providers, and (iv) an ENISA-led post-incident review mechanism for significant or large-scale cybersecurity incidents. It complements the Cyber Resilience Act (Reg 2024/2847) and the NIS2 Directive as the third leg of the EU horizontal-cybersecurity stack.

Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 of the European Parliament and of the Council on horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements, signed 23 October 2024 and entering into force 10 December 2024. The CRA is the first EU statutory cybersecurity regime covering all hardware and software products with a direct or indirect data connection placed on the EU market, imposing essential cybersecurity requirements, conformity assessment with CE marking, mandatory vulnerability handling, and 24-hour early-warning notification of actively-exploited vulnerabilities to ENISA. Main manufacturer obligations apply from 11 December 2027; conformity-assessment-body notification provisions apply from 11 June 2026 and reporting obligations from 11 September 2026. Penalties reach EUR 15M or 2.5% of global annual turnover.

Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/779 of 26 February 2024, published in the Official Journal on 8 March 2024, establishes the EU's first dedicated policy framework for the security and resilience of submarine cable infrastructure. It creates an informal Submarine Cable Infrastructure Expert Group of Member State authorities chaired by the Commission with ENISA participation, introduces the Cable Projects of European Interest (CPEI) designation mechanism for priority Union funding, and mandates a consolidated Union-wide risk and vulnerability assessment culminating in a Cable Security Toolbox of mitigating measures. Scope covers cables, landing stations, terrestrial tail connections, repair centres, and cable-laying vessel capacity. The recommendation is non-binding under TFEU Article 292 but constitutes the foundational soft-law framework that the later 2025 Cable Security Action Plan (JOIN(2025) 9) operationalises with binding CPEI lists and €347M CEF Digital funding.

Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on the resilience of critical entities, published OJ L 333, 27 December 2022, entered into force 16 January 2023, with Member State transposition deadline 17 October 2024 (rules applicable from 18 October 2024). The CER Directive repeals Council Directive 2008/114/EC on European Critical Infrastructures, extending the scope from two sectors (energy, transport) to eleven essential-service sectors: energy, transport, banking, financial market infrastructures, health, drinking water, wastewater, digital infrastructure, public administration, space, and food. Member States must adopt national resilience strategies, conduct risk assessments at least every four years, identify "critical entities" providing essential services whose disruption would have significant cross-border impacts, and ensure those entities implement technical, security, and organisational resilience measures, business-continuity plans, incident-reporting obligations, and personnel-security background checks. The CER Directive is the physical and hybrid resilience twin to the NIS2 Directive (2022/2555) — the two instruments form the binding EU critical-infrastructure-protection architecture replacing the 2008/114/EC regime.

Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS 2 Directive), published OJ L 333, 27 December 2022, entered into force 16 January 2023. NIS2 repeals and substantially expands the 2016 NIS1 Directive (2016/1148), extending the scope from ~7 sectors to 18 enumerated essential and important sectors, imposing binding cybersecurity risk- management and incident-reporting obligations on covered entities, introducing board-level management accountability, and mandating Member State transposition by 17 October 2024. NIS2 is the structural EU statutory anchor for national cybersecurity frameworks across the bloc, operating alongside DORA (Reg 2022/2554) for financial-sector digital resilience and CRA (Reg 2024/2847) for product cybersecurity.

On 2 March 2022 the Council of the European Union adopted Regulation (EU) 2022/355, amending Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus. It bans importing, purchasing or transporting products originating in or exported from Belarus in wood (Annex X), cement (Annex XI), iron and steel (Annex XII) and rubber (Annex XIII), and extends restrictions to potassium chloride ("potash"), tobacco and mineral products, plus a ban on exporting dual-use goods, machinery (Annex XIV) and goods usable for Belarus's military or security development. The measure responds to Belarus's active facilitation of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. It entered into force the day after publication in the Official Journal (OJ L 67, 2 March 2022), i.e. 3 March 2022, with a wind-down period to 4 June 2022 for pre-existing contracts.