Industrial Policy & Trade Monitor· 2662 actions· ✨ 89 recent

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 431 of 17 April 2026, signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, sets temporary export quotas on mineral fertilisers from Russia for the six-month period 1 June – 30 November 2026. The aggregate quota is approximately 20 million tonnes, comprising over 8.7 Mt for nitrogen fertilisers (urea, ammonium sulphate, UAN), over 4.2 Mt for ammonium nitrate (a separate sub-quota, suspended from 21 March – 21 April 2026 before this cycle opened), and over 7 Mt for complex fertilisers (NPK, NP, NPS, DAP, MAP). The measure continues the recurring six-month quota architecture in place since late 2021 and is the direct successor to the Dec 2024 – May 2025 cycle fixed under Resolution 1400 of October 2024 (and its subsequent extensions). Exemptions apply to EEU members, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, humanitarian-aid lots, and transit flows.

On 7 April 2026 the Board (Collegium) of the Eurasian Economic Commission announced a definitive anti-dumping duty of 17.23% on imports of spark plugs originating in China, entering into force 30 calendar days after official publication (implemented 10 May 2026) across the EAEU customs union (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan). Annual duty-free import quotas are carved out for Armenia (500,000 units), Belarus (1.8 million units), Kazakhstan (6 million units) and Kyrgyzstan (500,000 units), subject to end-use licensing confirming the units are for motor vehicle manufacture or warranty service. The decision was adopted at the instruction of the EAEU Heads of Government to protect bloc manufacturers.

Presidential Decree No. 193, signed by President Vladimir Putin on 25 March 2026 and in force from 1 May 2026, prohibits the export from Russia of refined gold bars (аффинированное золото в слитках) with a total weight exceeding 100 grams by individuals, legal entities, and individual entrepreneurs. Narrow exceptions apply for EAEU-destination and non-EAEU-destination movements through designated international airports (Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, and Knevichi/Vladivostok) conditional on Federal Assay Office or Federal Border Service permits. The stated rationale — curbing shadow-economy use of bullion as a foreign-currency substitute and closing capital-flight channels — is analytically inseparable from the broader post-2022 Russia counter-sanctions context and the G7 / LBMA delisting of Russian-origin gold.

On 21 January 2026 the Government of the Russian Federation, via Order No. 50-р signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated an additional RUB 26.5 billion (approx. USD 290 million) from the federal budget to continue the 2026 preferential agricultural lending programme administered with the Ministry of Agriculture. The funds subsidise short-term loans for seasonal fieldwork inputs (fuel, seed, mineral fertiliser) and maintain the concessional interest rate on loans to dairy-cattle producers. With this allocation, total 2026 federal subsidisation of the preferential agricultural credit programme reaches RUB 150.1 billion.

Presidential Decree No. 1011 of 31 December 2025 amends the standing Decree No. 302 (25 April 2023) list of foreign-owned assets under "temporary management," adding 100 percent of the shares in Rockwool LLC and 68 percent of the shares in Rockwool-Volga LLC — the Russian operating subsidiaries of Danish insulation producer ROCKWOOL A/S — and transferring control to Construction Assets Development JSC (Развитие Строительных Активов, "RSA"), a newly formed Russian administrator. The decree entered into force on its date of official publication (13 January 2026) despite being signed two weeks earlier, and covers four ROCKWOOL factories (Moscow, Leningrad and Chelyabinsk regions, and Tatarstan) producing heat and sound insulation. ROCKWOOL A/S disclosed in a 13 January 2026 regulatory announcement to Nasdaq Copenhagen that it has determined it has lost control of the four plants.

Presidential Decree No. 1012 of 31 December 2025 amends the standing Decree No. 302 (25 April 2023) list of foreign-owned assets under "temporary management," adding 100 percent of the shares in Can-Pak LLC (owned by Poland's Canpack S.A.) and Can-Pak Packaging Plant LLC (owned by Tapon France) — the two Russian operating subsidiaries of the CANPACK Group's aluminium-beverage-can business — and transferring control to StalElement LLC, a newly formed Russian administrator. The decree entered into force on its date of official publication (13 January 2026) despite being signed two weeks earlier, and covers Can-Pak's Volokolamsk (Moscow region) and Novocherkassk plants, which together hold an estimated 25-35% share of Russia's aluminium-can market. It is one of a running series of company-specific amendments to Decree 302, Russia's mechanism for placing Russian assets of "unfriendly state" companies under state administration in reciprocal response to Western sanctions and asset freezes.

On 27 December 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation, via an order signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated an additional RUB 5 billion (approx. USD 63.9 million) from the government's reserve fund to subsidise preferential interest rates on investment and short-term loans to agricultural producers and processors of crop products. The order amends the government's August 2025 preferential-lending distribution and brings total federal subsidisation of the 2025 preferential agricultural credit programme to RUB 41.7 billion. The measure preserves the subsidised rate on previously issued loans rather than creating new credit lines, freeing working capital for producers to expand output.

On 25 December 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation, via an order (Order No. 3964-r) signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated more than RUB 1.8 billion (approx. USD 22.9 million) from the government's reserve fund to recapitalise the Industry Development Fund (Fond razvitiya promyshlennosti, FRP). The FRP provides concessional loans (3-5% annual rates, up to 7-year terms) to Russian industrial enterprises for projects creating or modernising import-substituting production. The order is one of several in-year top-ups to the FRP in 2025, which had already received close to RUB 21 billion in additional capitalisation over the year.

On 23 December 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation, via Order No. 3959-r signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated more than RUB 1.3 billion (approx. USD 17 million) from the government's reserve fund to co-finance completion of four crab-catching vessels under construction at shipyards in the Far Eastern Federal District. The subsidy is split into four equal tranches of RUB 340 million to fishing companies (including LLC "TRK", LLC "Voskhod", LLC "Antey Sever" and LLC "Sever") holding investment-quota allocations for crab fishing, under a programme that ties quota rights to a domestic shipbuilding commitment. The order is part of a broader 2024-2026 investment-quota vessel programme covering 13 crab-catching vessels and roughly RUB 6.4 billion in cumulative state support.

On 24 December 2025 the Collegium (Board) of the Eurasian Economic Commission adopted Decision No. 137, splitting five broad EAEU Common Customs Tariff commodity codes (covering magnesium oxide, paints, leather/textile-treatment preparations and SBS block copolymer) into narrower codes limited to leather-footwear-industry end use, and assigning several of the new codes a "109С" zero import-duty rate (versus a standard 5-6.5% MFN rate for the same goods in other end uses) running through 31 December 2028. The Collegium decision was gated to take effect only once the EEC Council's parallel Decision No. 13 (signed 30 January 2026, published 26 February 2026) on the same tariff-nomenclature and chemical-industry line items entered into force; both took effect together on 8 March 2026 across all five EAEU member states (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan).

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2089 of 22 December 2025 sets the tariff quota for the export of wheat, meslin, barley, and corn from Russia to countries outside the Eurasian Economic Union at 20 million tonnes, effective from 15 February to 30 June 2026. The quota for rye exports is set at zero tonnes. Within the quota, exports remain subject to Russia's floating in-quota grain export duty (formula-driven, indexed to global wheat reference prices); shipments outside the quota face a duty of 50% of customs value, but not less than €100 per tonne. Humanitarian-aid shipments authorised by separate government decisions are exempt. The H1 2026 cap roughly doubles the 10.6-Mt H1 2025 quota and is calibrated to a record 137-Mt 2025/26 Russian grain harvest.

On 15 December 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation, via Order No. 3758-р signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated an additional RUB 60.58 billion (approx. USD 759 million) from the government's reserve fund to subsidise interest payments and provide financial grants to Russian credit organisations supporting preferential loans to agricultural producers. The allocation preserves preferential interest rates on roughly 48,000 previously issued loans, freeing working capital for producers to expand output of cereals, fruit and vegetables. It brings total 2025 federal subsidisation of the preferential agricultural credit programme to RUB 250.1 billion.

On 11 December 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation issued Order No. 3701-r, allocating more than RUB 966 million (approx. USD 12.1 million) from the government's reserve fund to the Industry Development Fund (Fond razvitiya promyshlennosti, FRP). The FRP extends concessional loans (3-5% annual rates, up to 7-year terms) to Russian industrial enterprises developing technologies and production intended to replace foreign analogues. The order is one of several in-year top-ups to the FRP in 2025, which had already been recapitalised by close to RUB 20 billion earlier in the year.

On 3 December 2025 Russia's federal Industry Development Fund (FRP) disclosed a concessional loan of RUB 2.4 billion (approx. USD 30.2 million) to Liteyny Zavod "Petrozavodskmash" (LZ PZM), a foundry subsidiary of rail-equipment group Transmashholding (TMX), to fund purchase of casting and machining equipment. The financing supports a project titled "Localisation of foundry blanks for various diesel engines," shifting the plant from simple castings toward complex cylinder-head and engine-suspension components (new capacity: 13,800 cylinder heads and 7,000 engine suspensions per year) for diesel engines used by Kolomna Plant and Penza Diesel. The loan was disclosed the same day Karelia's regional head, Artur Parfenchikov, opened a new 1,700 sq m machining section at the foundry, with TMX framing the project as advancing Russia's "technological sovereignty" in engine manufacturing (import substitution for diesel engine components).

Russia's Government adopted Resolution N° 1947 on 28 November 2025, extending for a fourth consecutive six-month period the temporary ban on the export of waste and scrap of precious metals and of electrical and electronic equipment used principally for precious-metals recovery. The restriction runs from 1 December 2025 through 31 May 2026, covering waste and scrap of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium, as well as metals plated or clad with precious metals. Carve-outs apply for cathode antimony ingots and small laboratory samples (≤500 g per batch) shipped by refineries for quality verification.

On 20 November 2025 Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed Government Order No. 3351-r, approving a list of 15 companies selected to receive a combined RUB 4.97 billion in 2025 federal infrastructure subsidies under the "New Opportunities for the Far East" federal project (part of the "Socio-Economic Development of the Far Eastern Federal District" state programme). The two largest line items — RUB 2 billion (~USD 24.7m) each, the programme's legal per-project ceiling — go to OOO "Amur Minerals" for grid connection at its planned mining-and-processing plant on the Malmyzhskoye copper-gold deposit (Khabarovsk Krai) and to OOO "Udokanskaya Med'" (Udokan Copper) for construction of a transport-storage complex at its Udokan copper mining-and-metallurgical combine (Zabaykalsky Krai). Subsidies reimburse a share of investors' capital spending on power grid connection, water/heat networks and access infrastructure, contingent on job-creation and capex targets set out in the order's annex.

On 31 October 2025 the Government of the Russian Federation, via Order No. 3080-р signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, allocated more than RUB 34.6 billion (approx. USD 428.8 million) to subsidise preferential loans for Russian agricultural producers. The allocation provides financial grants and interest-payment subsidies to credit organisations that issue short-term and investment loans to farmers and processors at below-market rates under the standing federal preferential-lending programme. The measure was published on the government's official portal on 1 November 2025.

Russia's federal Industry Development Fund (FRP) disclosed a RUB 930 million (approx. USD 11.4 million) concessional loan to ООО "ПК "Промтрактор" (Promtraktor Production Company LLC, part of Kontsern Traktornye Zavody) in Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, funding purchase of 98 units of high-tech casting and machining equipment as part of a RUB 1.2 billion total modernisation. The loan financed serial production of two new heavy-bulldozer models, CHETRA T30 (30-tonne class) and CHETRA T45 (45-tonne class, billed as Russia's most powerful serial-production bulldozer), which entered series production 23 October 2025. Resulting capacity for bulldozer, pipe-layer and front-end-loader components rose 25% to 13,700 units per year, with management targeting a rise in CHETRA's domestic heavy-bulldozer market share from ~30% to 70%, partially displacing Western imports (e.g. Caterpillar, Komatsu) that exited the Russian market after 2022.

On 14 October 2025 the Board (Collegium) of the Eurasian Economic Commission adopted Decision No. 96 imposing five-year definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of titanium dioxide pigment (80%+ TiO2 dry-weight content, HS 3206 11 000 0) originating in China and entering the EAEU customs territory (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan). Duty rates are 14.27% for the LB Group (Henan Billions / Lomon Billions and named subsidiaries) and 16.25% for Shandong Dawn Titanium Industry and all other Chinese producers. Price undertakings were approved for the LB Group and Shandong Dawn Titanium, exempting compliant volumes from duty. The decision entered into force 16 November 2025, 30 days after official publication, following an investigation initiated 17 August 2023.

Russian Government Resolution No. 1545 of 6 October 2025 amends Resolution No. 851 (11 May 2022) to add Renault SAS to Russia's list of foreign legal entities subject to "special economic measures" tied to military-technical cooperation. Renault is listed as entry No. 75 and becomes subject to prohibitions on commercial transactions and on the use of investment instruments (securities/equity dealings) involving the company. The designation follows reporting that Renault planned to help manufacture unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for Ukraine; a related GTA-tracked intervention imposes an export ban on the same entity under the same resolution.

On 7 October 2025 the Board (Collegium) of the Eurasian Economic Commission adopted Decision No. 89, setting 2026 tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) for beef, pork, poultry and whey imports into the EAEU customs territory and their distribution among the five member states. Kyrgyzstan's national duty-free quota for frozen chicken cuts (halves/quarters/leg portions) was cut from 58,000 to 48,000 tonnes for 2026 -- a 17.2% reduction -- while Kazakhstan's and Russia's chicken-cut allocations (128,000t and 250,000t respectively) and other member states' beef/pork lines were left unchanged or increased. Imports above the reduced quota face the EAEU's higher out-of-quota duty rate. The decision entered into force 9 November 2025, 30 days after official publication, and governs the calendar-year 2026 quota period.

Presidential Decree No. 710 of 6 October 2025 amends the standing list of foreign-owned assets under "temporary management" (established by Decree No. 302 of 25 April 2023) to add 100 percent of the shares in Vonorus LLC — the Russian operating subsidiary of Silgan Metal Packaging Mitterdorf GmbH, the Austrian unit of US-listed Silgan Holdings Inc. (NYSE: SLGN) — transferring control of the company to Rosimushchestvo. The decree entered into force on its date of official publication (6 October 2025) and is one of a running series of company-specific amendments to Decree 302, Russia's mechanism for placing Russian assets of "unfriendly state" companies under state administration in reciprocal response to Western sanctions and asset freezes.

Government Resolution No. 1535 of 3 October 2025 introduced a temporary export customs duty of 10% of customs value on oil (oilseed) flax exported from Russia beyond the Eurasian Economic Union, entering into force 12 October 2025 and running through 31 August 2026. The duty was previously zero. The government's stated rationale is to stimulate utilisation of domestic flax-processing capacity and rebalance the domestic market against raw-material exports; the same package established regional export quotas for corn. Global Trade Alert records Belgium, China, and Czechia as the export destinations most exposed to the higher raw-material cost.

Presidential Decree No. 693 of 30 September 2025 ("On certain particularities of the sale of property held in federal ownership"), signed by Vladimir Putin and entered into force on the day of its official publication, creates an accelerated pathway for disposing of federally-owned property in cases determined by a separate decision of the President, where the goal is to ensure the Russian Federation's defence capability and security. Market valuation and the appraisal report must be completed within 10 business days of signing the appraisal contract; PSB Bank JSC (formerly Promsvyazbank, the state-controlled defence-procurement bank) is designated as the sale-organising agent and seller-on-behalf-of-the-state. The Decree also authorises the President to set special features of how Russian legislation on privatisation, joint-stock companies, limited-liability companies, the securities market, banks and competition protection applies to such sales. Expressly framed as a counter-measure to "unfriendly" actions by the United States and its allies; structurally the disposal-mechanism complement to the foreign-asset external- administration and seizure decrees (95/322/520/442) — the fast-track liquidation channel that converts seized or nationalised assets into state-budget cash for defence purposes.

On 2025-08-30 the Russian government adopted Resolution No. 1341, amending the standing "unfriendly states" import-duty schedule (Resolution No. 2240 of 2022-12-07) to raise customs duty rates on selected oils, fats and bottled drinking water originating from states Russia designates as "unfriendly." Coconut oil and palm kernel oil rose to 25% of customs value (palm kernel oil subject to a EUR 0.56/kg floor); margarine rose from 15% (min EUR 0.12/kg) to 25% (min EUR 0.90/kg); non-carbonated natural mineral water rose to 20% of customs value (EUR 0.11-0.18/litre floor depending on packaging). The resolution entered into force on 2025-09-09.

Presidential Decree No. 606 of 29 August 2025 amends the standing list of foreign-owned Russian assets under "temporary management" (established by Decree No. 302 of 25 April 2023) to add the shares of Air Liquide's Russian subsidiaries, transferring control to M-Logistika LLC, a Russian company. Reported affected entities include Air Liquide's joint venture with steelmaker Severstal and regional operating units (Alabuga, Balakovo, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Kstovo, Kuzbass, Sever Liquid Gas), covering the bulk of the French industrial-gas group's Russian footprint. The decree entered into force on its date of official publication and is one of a running series of company-specific amendments to Decree 302, Russia's reciprocal-response mechanism for placing "unfriendly state" companies' Russian assets under state administration.

On 15 August 2025 — the day of the Putin-Trump summit in Alaska — Russia's president signed Decree No. 559, amending Decree No. 723 of 7 October 2022, which had transferred the Sakhalin-1 oil and gas project's operating entity to a new Russian operator (Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf, a Rosneft subsidiary) and frozen ExxonMobil's roughly 30% operator stake. The new decree sets conditions under which a foreign consortium party may reclaim its stake in Sakhalin-1 LLC: taking demonstrable action toward lifting Western sanctions that harm the project, signing supply contracts for foreign-made equipment and parts, and transferring previously accumulated funds to the project's accounts. Japan's SODECO and India's ONGC Videsh retained their stakes through the 2022 restructuring; ExxonMobil's stake remains unclaimed, with a Kremlin-set disposal deadline of 1 January 2026.

Federal Law No. 297-FZ, adopted 31 July 2025, amends Article 150 of the Russian Tax Code to add a new exemption (clause 23) from import VAT for engines, spare parts and components imported into Russia for the construction, repair or modernization of civilian unmanned aerial vehicles with a maximum take-off weight between 0.15 and 30 kg. The exemption also covers printed technical publications and prototype components necessary for developing or testing such UAVs and their engines. The measure takes effect 1 October 2025 and is intended to lower input costs for Russia's domestic civilian-drone manufacturing base, which has scaled up sharply since 2022 alongside the country's military UAV program.

Federal Law No. 351-FZ, signed 31 July 2025, amends the 2009 Federal Law "On the Basics of State Regulation of Trade Activities in the Russian Federation" (No. 381-FZ) to bar foreign persons from conducting commodity-market research inside Russia. The prohibition covers foreign states, international organisations, foreign legal entities and individuals, stateless persons, and Russian legal entities in which foreign participation exceeds 20%; it also reaches dual-national Russian citizens. Data on Russian commodity-market structure collected under the law may only be processed at facilities located inside Russia. The measure takes effect 1 March 2026; a temporary exemption mechanism was subsequently clarified in mid-2026.

Presidential Decree No. 464 of 9 July 2025 amends the standing Decree No. 302 (25 April 2023) list of foreign-owned assets under "temporary management," adding 100 percent of the shares in JSC PETRUS — owned by Cyprus-registered Pet.Rus Plastic Holdings Ltd — and transferring control to SafPet Aktiv LLC, a Kazan-based entity wholly owned by Tatneft. PETRUS produces PET preforms, polymer caps and BOPET film, with its flagship plant in Noginsk, Moscow region. The transfer follows a Vakhitovsky District Court (Kazan) order arresting PETRUS's assets in a criminal case against Ukrainian businessman Igor Kolomoisky, whom investigators identify as the company's beneficial owner.

Russian Government Resolution No. 969 of 27 June 2025 amends Resolution No. 851 (11 May 2022) to add Daimler Truck AG to Russia's list of foreign legal entities subject to "special economic measures," entering as list item No. 33. The designation imposes an export ban plus a prohibition on commercial transactions and dealings in investment instruments (securities/equity) involving the company. Daimler Truck fully exited its residual stake in Russian truckmaker KamAZ (its last ~15% holding) in early 2024, so the listing is a symbolic/optionality-blocking measure rather than one disrupting a live trade flow.

Government of Russia Resolution No. 1544, signed by Prime Minister Mishustin on 14 November 2024 and published 15 November 2024, amends Resolution No. 313 of 9 March 2022 (the framework counter-sanctions list of goods restricted for export to "unfriendly" jurisdictions) by adding HS code 2844 20 — uranium enriched in U-235 and its compounds — to Annex 2. The amendment imposes a temporary export ban on enriched uranium to the United States and to legal entities incorporated in US jurisdiction, in force from 16 November 2024 through 31 December 2025. Exports are permitted only under one-off licences issued by the Russian Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC). The measure is an explicit tit-for-tat response to the US Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act (Public Law 118-50, 13 May 2024).

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1400 of 23 October 2024, signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, sets temporary export quotas on mineral fertilisers from Russia for the six-month period 1 December 2024 – 31 May 2025. The aggregate cap is approximately 19.2 million tonnes, comprising about 11.2 Mt for nitrogen fertilisers and roughly 8 Mt for compound (NPK / NP / NPS) fertilisers. As with prior cycles, the quota is allocated across exporters by historical share and motivated by domestic-market supply stabilisation rather than revenue capture. Russia is the world's largest mineral-fertiliser exporter (~15-20% of global trade depending on segment), so the semi-annual quota is one of the principal global ag-input policy instruments.

Presidential Decree No. 442 of 23 May 2024 establishes a special judicial-administrative procedure by which the Russian Federation or the Central Bank of the Russian Federation can claim, before a Russian court, that an "unjustified deprivation" of Russian sovereign property has been effected by a state body or judicial authority of the United States — and, on a court finding to that effect, receive equivalent-value US-affiliated property located in Russia (real assets, securities issued by Russian companies, cash held in Russian bank accounts, and other property rights) by way of compensation. The mechanism is an explicit reciprocal counter-instrument to the US REPO for Ukrainians Act (Title II of H.R.815, signed 24 April 2024) authorising US executive confiscation of immobilised Russian sovereign assets in US jurisdiction. The decree is structurally extensible: by separate presidential decision, the same procedure may be applied to any other state Russia designates as "unfriendly". Implementing procedural acts and amendments to Russian legislation were required to be adopted by 23 September 2024.

Russian Government Resolution No. 506 of 29 March 2022, signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin and effective 30 March 2022, authorises the Ministry of Industry and Trade (Minpromtorg) to designate categories of goods exempt from articles 1252(4), 1359(6) and 1487 of the Russian Civil Code on national/regional exhaustion of trademark and other intellectual- property rights. Followed by Minpromtorg Order No. 1532 of 19 April 2022 publishing an initial list of 55 goods categories and named brands — including pharmaceuticals, electronics, automotive parts, mineral fuels, industrial chemicals, paper, textiles, base metals, and consumer goods — for which parallel (grey-market) imports without IP-holder consent are legalised. Designed as a sanctions-circumvention and supply-substitution instrument after the Western corporate exodus of March 2022; extended annually and most recently re-authorised through 31 December 2026.

Russia Federal Law No. 127-FZ of 4 June 2018 "On measures (countermeasures) regarding the unfriendly actions of the United States of America and other foreign states" establishes the statutory authority under which the President and Government of the Russian Federation may impose counter-measures against states that engage in "unfriendly actions" toward Russia. The law enumerates permissible countermeasure categories — including import/export prohibitions, restrictions on foreign participation in Russian state procurement, suspension of international cooperation obligations, and prohibition of foreign-company services and transactions — and delegates implementation authority to the President (primary) and Government. It entered into force on the day of official publication (4 June 2018) and is the foundational parent statute for every major Russian counter-sanctions presidential decree and government resolution subsequently issued, including the gas-for-roubles payment regime, capital controls, parallel- imports authorisation, and asset-confiscation counter-mechanism.