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Saudi Arabia's General Authority of Foreign Trade (GAFT) issued its final affirmative dumping/injury determination on rutile-grade titanium dioxide (HS 3206.11) originating in China on 27 October 2025, published in the Umm Al-Qura official gazette and effective 28 October 2025. Producer-specific CIF duty rates were set at 19.39% (Shandong Dawn), 29.65% (Anhui Gold Star), 30.9% (LB Group/Lomon Billions), 32.21% (Yibin Tianyuan), and 37.27% (Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resources), with a 45% residual rate for all other Chinese exporters. Anatase-grade TiO2 is explicitly excluded from scope. The measure runs for five years to 26 October 2030, with the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority directed to collect the duty.

On 14 October 2025 the Board (Collegium) of the Eurasian Economic Commission adopted Decision No. 96 imposing five-year definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of titanium dioxide pigment (80%+ TiO2 dry-weight content, HS 3206 11 000 0) originating in China and entering the EAEU customs territory (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan). Duty rates are 14.27% for the LB Group (Henan Billions / Lomon Billions and named subsidiaries) and 16.25% for Shandong Dawn Titanium Industry and all other Chinese producers. Price undertakings were approved for the LB Group and Shandong Dawn Titanium, exempting compliant volumes from duty. The decision entered into force 16 November 2025, 30 days after official publication, following an investigation initiated 17 August 2023.

India's DGFT issued Notification No. 41/2025-26 on 10 October 2025, inserting a new import policy condition under Chapter 29 of ITC (HS) 2022, Schedule-I (Import Policy) for Sulfadiazine API (ITC-HS codes 29359013 and 29359090). Imports with a declared CIF value below Rs. 1,774 per kilogram are reclassified from "Free" to "Restricted," requiring a DGFT import authorisation before Customs clearance. The measure took immediate effect and runs until 30 September 2026, aimed at curbing low-priced imports — Global Trade Alert records China, France and Israel among the affected exporters — while protecting domestic API manufacturers.

On 7 October 2025 the Board (Collegium) of the Eurasian Economic Commission adopted Decision No. 89, setting 2026 tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) for beef, pork, poultry and whey imports into the EAEU customs territory and their distribution among the five member states. Kyrgyzstan's national duty-free quota for frozen chicken cuts (halves/quarters/leg portions) was cut from 58,000 to 48,000 tonnes for 2026 -- a 17.2% reduction -- while Kazakhstan's and Russia's chicken-cut allocations (128,000t and 250,000t respectively) and other member states' beef/pork lines were left unchanged or increased. Imports above the reduced quota face the EAEU's higher out-of-quota duty rate. The decision entered into force 9 November 2025, 30 days after official publication, and governs the calendar-year 2026 quota period.

Presidential Decree (Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı) No. 10436, published in the Resmi Gazete on 22 September 2025, amends Türkiye's Import Regime Decision and the Additional Customs Duty Decision to standardise additional customs duty on passenger-vehicle imports (HS 8703) from all countries other than the ~24 FTA/customs-union partners (EU member states, South Korea, UK, Qatar and others). Rates are set at 25% or a minimum of USD 6,000/unit for conventional and non-plug-in hybrid vehicles, 30% or a minimum of USD 7,000/unit for plug-in hybrids, and 30% or a minimum of USD 8,500/unit for battery-electric vehicles. The decree enters into force 60 days after publication (21 November 2025), with a 30-day transition window in which declarations registered under the prior (lower or absent) duty regime are grandfathered.

India's DGFT issued Notification No. 30/2025-26 on 18 September 2025, inserting a new import policy condition under Chapter 29 of ITC (HS) 2022, Schedule-I (Import Policy) for ATS-8 — (4R-Cis)-1,1-Dimethylethyl-6- cyanomethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-acetate (HS 2932.99), the key synthesis intermediate for Atorvastatin, a National List of Essential Medicines cholesterol-lowering statin API. Imports with a declared CIF value below USD 111/kg are reclassified from "Free" to "Restricted," requiring a DGFT import authorisation before Customs clearance. The measure took immediate effect and runs until 30 September 2026. Global Trade Alert records China, Argentina and Canada among the affected exporters; global merchant-market ATS-8 supply is concentrated among Chinese producers.

On 2025-09-10 the Russian government adopted Resolution No. 1396, amending Resolution No. 2240 (2022-12-07), which raised import customs duty rates on selected goods from "unfriendly states." The duty on malt beer (HS 2203) rose from EUR 1.0/litre to EUR 1.5/litre and on cider and similar sparkling/still beverages (HS 2206) from 22.5% to 30% of customs value. The resolution also set new duty rates on automotive semi-trailers (HS 8716) of 35% of customs value for units exceeding 15 tonnes gross weight and at least 13.6 m in length, and 20% for refrigerated semi-trailers with cargo volume of at least 76 m³; Hungary and Slovakia were excluded from the "unfriendly state" designation for these lines. The measure entered into force on 2025-09-20, seven days after official publication, and was set to run through 2025-12-31 (subsequently extended to 2027-12-31 by a later resolution).

On 2025-08-30 the Russian government adopted Resolution No. 1341, amending the standing "unfriendly states" import-duty schedule (Resolution No. 2240 of 2022-12-07) to raise customs duty rates on selected oils, fats and bottled drinking water originating from states Russia designates as "unfriendly." Coconut oil and palm kernel oil rose to 25% of customs value (palm kernel oil subject to a EUR 0.56/kg floor); margarine rose from 15% (min EUR 0.12/kg) to 25% (min EUR 0.90/kg); non-carbonated natural mineral water rose to 20% of customs value (EUR 0.11-0.18/litre floor depending on packaging). The resolution entered into force on 2025-09-09.

India's DGFT issued Notification No. 26/2025-26 on 22 August 2025, amending the import policy condition under Chapter 48 of ITC (HS) 2022, Schedule-I for Virgin Multi-layer Paper Board (VPB, HS codes 48059100, 48059200, 48059300, 48109200 and 48109900). Imports remain "Free" but are now subject to compulsory registration under the Paper Import Monitoring System (PIMS) and a Minimum Import Price (MIP) of INR 67,220 per metric tonne on CIF value; consignments declared below that floor are reclassified as "Restricted" and require a DGFT authorisation before Customs clearance. Global Trade Alert records China, Brazil and Chile among the affected exporters. The measure was originally set to lapse 31 March 2026 but has since been extended twice, most recently to 30 September 2026.

At its 32nd regular session on 10 August 2025, chaired by Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' Al-Sudani, Iraq's Council of Ministers approved two additional customs duties on imports from all countries of origin: a 75% additional duty on the unit measure of imported paper napkins/tissues, and a 30% additional duty on the unit measure of white polystyrene plates and food-storage containers. Both duties run for four years without reduction, with domestic-market monitoring during the application period, and took effect 120 days after issuance (10 December 2025). Global Trade Alert logs China, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye as the principal supplier origins affected, though the measure itself is non-discriminatory (applies to all origins).

President Trump signed Executive Order 14324, "Suspending Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries," on 30 July 2025 (published in the Federal Register on 5 August 2025 as FR doc 2025-14897, 90 FR 37775). The order eliminated the Section 321(a)(2)(C) administrative exemption that had allowed shipments valued at $800 or less to enter the United States duty-free, applying the suspension to all countries of origin rather than the China/Hong Kong-only carve-out imposed earlier in 2025. DHS/CBP published a Notice of Implementation on 2 September 2025 (FR doc 2025-16802) modifying the Harmonized Tariff Schedule so that covered low-value goods must be entered via formal or informal ACE entry types and pay applicable duties; goods shipped through the international postal network were instead made subject to a new flat ad valorem or specific per-item duty rate set by HTSUS annex. The suspension took effect for entries on or after 12:01 a.m. EDT on 29 August 2025. A DHS/CBP rule published 24 June 2026 (FR doc 2026-12670) converted the non-postal suspension from time-limited to indefinite and closed the remaining international-postal-network exemption to formal/ informal entry procedures as well.

Published in the Boletín Oficial on 29 July 2025 and effective the following day, Decreto 513/2025 replaces Annexes I, II, and III of Decreto 557/2023, which govern Argentina's exceptions to the MERCOSUR Common External Tariff (AEC). The decree cuts the extrazone import duty on 27 capital-goods tariff lines — machinery, tools, and industrial equipment previously taxed at 20-35% — to a uniform 12.6%, aiming to lower input costs for domestic manufacturers and encourage technology adoption. Two NCM positions (2934.99.22 and 8450.20.20, covering certain chemical inputs and washing machines) receive a 60-day transitional carve-out preserving the prior tariff treatment for goods already in transit or in customs primary zones at the decree's effective date.

Mexico's tax authority (SAT), acting under SHCP, published the Cuarta Resolución de Modificaciones a las Reglas Generales de Comercio Exterior para 2025 in the Diario Oficial de la Federación on 28 July 2025, raising the flat tax rate applied under the simplified customs regime for low-value courier and parcel shipments (goods valued at USD 2,500 or less) from 19% to 33.5%, effective 15 August 2025. The increase applies to shipments from countries without a free trade agreement with Mexico — in practice overwhelmingly China-origin goods — and is aimed at cross-border e-commerce platforms (Shein, Temu, AliExpress) as well as triangulated goods routed through courier channels by other importers including large retailers. The measure is framed by SHCP as combating under-invoicing and non-tariff-preference triangulation via the courier de minimis channel.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1564 of 24 July 2025 is the EU's largest-ever trade countermeasure package: additional customs duties on approximately €93 billion of US-origin goods (Annexes I–XIII) plus an export prohibition on specified EU products to the United States (Annex XIV), adopted under Regulation (EU) No 654/2014 (the EU commercial-policy enforcement regulation) in response to the second Trump administration's Section 232 reinstatement and automobile tariffs. The regulation supersedes and repeals Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/778 and three earlier rebalancing CIRs. Application was suspended from 5 August 2025 following the EU-US trade framework agreement of 27 July 2025; the suspension was extended by a further six months from 4 February 2026. CIR 2025/1564 remains in force as a conditionally-reinstateable rebalancing framework while negotiations continue.

At its regular session on 22 July 2025, Iraq's Council of Ministers approved an additional 40% customs duty (on the unit measure of the imported product) on tile and ceramic adhesive materials imported from all countries of origin, running for four years without reduction and taking effect 120 days after issuance (20 November 2025). The same session eliminated import license requirements for motor oils/lubricants of all types and for used vehicle spare parts at all federal border crossings, conditional on compliance with national quality standards (oils) and radiation-clearance certification (used spare parts). Global Trade Alert separately logs China, Austria and Czechia as principal affected trade partners for the duty measure, though it applies on a non-discriminatory, all-origins basis. This is one of a recurring series of Iraqi cabinet tariff-schedule actions in 2025-26 driven by state revenue pressure (see the Iraq fiscal-tariff-reform theme for the wider cluster).

New Zealand Customs Service, acting under section 8 of the Tariff Act 1988, published Tariff Concession Approvals, Withdrawals and Declines Notice (No. 17) 2025 in the Gazette on 4 July 2025. The notice grants new duty-free tariff concessions on goods across tariff items 3919-9405 (adhesive tapes and films, fibreglass products, industrial machinery, heating/cooling equipment, electronic controls and marine vessels) not manufactured domestically, effective 1 July 2025, while withdrawing a comparable set of prior concession approvals effective 30 June 2025. This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

New Zealand Customs Service, acting under section 8 of the Tariff Act 1988, published Tariff Concession Approvals, Withdrawals and Declines Notice (No. 18) 2025 in the Gazette on 4 July 2025. The notice withdraws 16 previously approved duty-free tariff concessions spanning laminated films, building panels, filtering and aggregate-processing equipment, thermostatic valves, railway safety systems and anti-pollution barriers, effective 14 days from publication, with importers given one calendar month to lodge objections. This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession withdrawal cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

The Australian Border Force published Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. TC 25/25 on 2 July 2025 under sections 269K and 269R of the Customs Act 1901, covering new Tariff Concession Order (TCO) applications and TCOs made for goods not produced domestically (solvents, adhesives, geotextiles, ceramics, glass fibre fabric, HDPE/LLDPE resins, subsea and rail hardware), each carrying a 5% general-tariff duty-free concession, plus revocations and a cheese quota allocation notice. This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

Council Regulation (EU) 2025/1303 of 23 June 2025, published in the Official Journal on 30 June 2025 and applying from 1 July 2025, amends Regulation (EU) 2021/2278 and replaces the EU's autonomous Common Customs Tariff (CCT) duty-suspension list for agricultural and industrial inputs "not produced in the Union in sufficient quantity." The revision extends or newly grants reduced/zero duty treatment to 79 industrial products across 48 six-digit CN tariff subheadings, while also raising import duties on four specific products: rubber thread and cord (CN 4007.00.00), certain flexible plastic sheets/plates/film (CN 3920.10.89), and fixed vegetable/microbial fats and oils (CN 1515.60.99). The measure is erga omnes (applies to all trading partners, not a bilateral concession).

Saudi Arabia's General Authority of Foreign Trade (GAFT), chaired by Dr. Majed Alkassabi, issued its final affirmative determination on 29 June 2025 imposing definitive anti-dumping duties on longitudinally-welded circular stainless-steel pipes and tubes originating in or exported from the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. Duty rates range from 6.5% to 27.3% depending on exporter, effective 30 June 2025, following an investigation opened 2 May 2024 on a domestic-industry complaint. The measure runs for five years, with the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) directed to collect the duty at the border.

South Africa's ITAC, acting on an application from STI Electrical (Pty) Ltd, recommended increasing the general customs duty on transformer cores with a power handling capacity not exceeding 50,000 KVA (tariff subheading 8504.90, split into new lines 8504.90.10 and 8504.90.90) from 5% to 15% ad valorem — the WTO bound rate. SARS gave effect to the change via a Schedule No. 1 tariff amendment effective 27 June 2025. As a SACU common external tariff, the increase applies across South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia. ITAC found the domestic industry's production and sales volumes had declined over the investigation period and that it was price-uncompetitive against imports, and recommended a three-year review of industry performance post-implementation.

Regulation (EU) 2025/1227, published 20 June 2025, imposes an additional 50% ad valorem customs duty on top of the standard Common Customs Tariff rate on roughly 101 tariff lines of agricultural products originating in or exported from Russia or Belarus, closing the remaining gap in the agri-tariff regime first opened in 2024. Fertilisers from the two countries face a separate, gradually escalating specific duty — starting around EUR 40-45 per tonne on top of the existing 6.5% ad valorem rate for the 2025-26 period, rising in annual steps to EUR 430 per tonne by 2028. The measure enters into force 1 July 2025 and is explicitly framed by the Council and Parliament as a further squeeze on Russian export revenue used to fund the war against Ukraine, extending the July 2024 agri-tariff regulation (EU) 2024/1392 to cover the products it left out.

The European Commission adopted Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1206 on 19 June 2025, suspending GSP+ tariff preferences on non-fuel ethanol (CN codes 2207 10 and 2207 20, excluding TARIC-coded fuel-use ethanol) imported from Pakistan, effective 21 June 2025 for two years. The measure invokes the safeguard clause (Article 30 of Regulation (EU) No 978/2012) after finding that a surge in duty-free Pakistani ethanol — 27% of all EU non-fuel ethanol imports in 2024 (roughly 215,929 tonnes), priced around 25% below EU producer prices — caused serious injury to the EU bioethanol industry. Reinstated Common Customs Tariff duties are approximately EUR 243/tonne (CN 2207 10) and EUR 129/tonne (CN 2207 20).

The Australian Border Force published Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. TC 25/22 on 11 June 2025 under sections 269K, 269R and 269SE of the Customs Act 1901. The gazette lists new Tariff Concession Order (TCO) applications, eight TCOs made (moving corrosion inhibitors, compostable- film polymers, furnace cooling systems, aseptic food-processing machinery, reverse-osmosis filters, oilfield drilling parts and pallet-manufacturing robotics from the 5% general tariff rate to duty-free), one withdrawn application, and five local-manufacturer-initiated TCO revocations (reinstating the 5% general tariff rate on steel access-box, formwork and crown-seal products effective 22-24 January 2025). This is a routine, periodic administrative tariff-concession cycle rather than a discrete policy announcement.

South Africa's International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC) made a preliminary finding that clear float glass imported from Tanzania was being dumped into the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) market, causing material injury and threat of further injury to the domestic glass industry. Following the investigation (initiated 6 June 2025 and detailed in ITAC Report 762), ITAC requested the South African Revenue Service (SARS) to impose provisional anti-dumping duties on imports classifiable under tariff subheadings 7005.29.17, 7005.29.23, 7005.29.25 and 7005.29.35. SARS implemented the provisional payments on 23 January 2026, running through 22 July 2026 pending a definitive determination; the specific duty rate was not disclosed in ITAC's public release. The measure applies across the entire SACU customs territory (South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, Lesotho).

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1132 of 3 June 2025 reinstated the ~40 tariff-rate quotas on Ukrainian agricultural products (cereals, poultry/eggs, sugar, tomatoes, mushrooms and other lines) established under the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement/DCFTA, after the temporary Autonomous Trade Measures regulation (EU) 2024/1392 — which had suspended all such quotas and given Ukraine unlimited duty-free access — expired on 5 June 2025 without renewal. The regulation applied from 6 June 2025, with quota volumes pro-rated at 7/12 of the annual amount to cover the remainder of the year (e.g. 5.83 million kg for preserved tomatoes, 291,667 kg each for two preserved-mushroom lines). Imports above the quota ceilings revert to standard Common Customs Tariff duties.

As part of the FY2025-2026 national budget, Bangladesh's National Board of Revenue implemented a package of customs duty amendments under the Finance Act 2025, effective 1 July 2025. The changes are mixed-direction: duties were reduced on some product lines and increased on others, spanning forage/fibre products, chemicals and fertilisers, and basic organic chemicals among other categories. This is a routine annual fiscal-cycle tariff schedule revision rather than a targeted trade-restrictive measure against any single trading partner.

India's DGFT issued Notification No. 07/2025-26 on 17 May 2025, with immediate effect, restricting the entry points through which Bangladesh goods may be imported into India. All ready-made garments (RMG) from Bangladesh are barred from land ports entirely and may enter only via Nhava Sheva and Kolkata seaports; processed food, rubber and plastic goods, and wooden furniture are barred from Land Customs Stations (LCSs) and Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, and at Changrabandha and Fulbari in West Bengal. The notification is widely read as a retaliatory measure responding to Bangladesh's April 2025 NBR land-port yarn-import ban, and is the first bilateral India-Bangladesh trade-restriction instrument filed in the IPTM register.

Bangladesh's National Board of Revenue, acting on a March 2025 Ministry of Commerce directive, issued a notification on 13 April 2025 prohibiting yarn imports through all land-border customs stations, including Benapole, Bhomra, Banglabandha, Burimari, and Sonamasjid. Imports of yarn may continue only through seaports and airports. The stated rationale is systematic under-invoicing of land-port yarn shipments — declared values were found significantly below Chattogram customs-house benchmark prices — which NBR and the Bangladesh Trade and Tariff Commission concluded was severely damaging domestic spinning-mill competitiveness. The restriction is the first BD import-restrictive measure in the IPTM register and triggered India's retaliatory DGFT Notification 07/2025-26 of 17 May 2025 restricting entry of Bangladeshi exports into India.

The UAE Ministry of Economy & Tourism issued Directive No. (2) of 2025, implementing a GCC Ministerial Committee decision (dated 13 March 2025) to impose definitive anti-dumping duties on painted and/or coated, flattened or grained aluminium alloy plates, sheets, strips or coils of 0.2mm to 8mm thickness originating in or exported from China. The duties, ranging from 7.1% to 20% of CIF customs value depending on the producer/exporter, took effect 25 April 2025 across all GCC member states' customs territories, including the UAE.

Sri Lanka Customs published the National Imports Tariff Guide (NITG) 2025 with operative effect from 1 January 2025, releasing the consolidated preamble and chapter schedules during March 2025. The NITG is Sri Lanka's annual canonical import-regime instrument: it codifies the Customs Import Duty (CID) schedule together with the four principal para-tariffs — Ports and Airports Development Levy (PAL) under Act No. 18 of 2011, Export Development Board (EDB) Cess under Act No. 40 of 1979, Special Commodity Levy (SCL) under Act No. 48 of 2007, and Excise (Special Provisions) Duty — alongside Value Added Tax and the Social Security Contribution Levy (SSCL). For 2025 the NITG carries forward the para-tariff rationalisation programme initiated under the IMF Extended Fund Facility (March 2023 – 2027), with the preamble's exemption lists for PAL, CESS, SCL and VAT serving as the operational rulebook for trading partners and importers across the entire HS schedule.

Saudi Arabia's General Authority of Foreign Trade (GAFT), under Chairman Dr. Majed Alkassabi, issued a final affirmative determination imposing definitive anti-dumping duties on Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) — a concrete superplasticiser/water- reducing admixture — originating in or exported from China and Russia. The decision was published in the official gazette on 2 December 2024 and took effect 3 December 2024, directing the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority to collect duties in the range of 18.12%-34% for five years (to 2 December 2029). The investigation was initiated 20 November 2023 following a complaint from the Saudi domestic industry.

The Türkiye Ministry of Trade's Imports General Directorate published Communiqué No. 2024/33 in Resmî Gazete No. 32689 on 11 October 2024, imposing definitive ad valorem anti-dumping duties on hot-rolled flat steel products originating in the People's Republic of China, India, Japan and the Russian Federation. Duties range from 6.10% to 43.31% CIF and run for a five-year initial term from the date of publication, subject to interim or expiry review. The measure covers roughly 90 tariff lines under CN/HS chapters 7208, 7211, 7212, 7225 and 7226 — the principal hot-rolled flat-steel customs codes. China-origin producers face the widest dispersion (residual 43.31% on unsampled producers, named-producer rates 15–36%); Japan applies a flat 9% to all producers; India and Russia residuals sit at 9% with named- producer rates as low as 6.0–6.10%. Imports of "plate rolled in a plate mill" accompanied by a Producer's Certificate under Notice 2002/1 are exempt. The petition was filed by TÇÜD (Türkiye Çelik Üreticileri Derneği — Turkish Steel Producers' Association) on behalf of integrated mills Erdemir, İsdemir, Çolakoğlu, Habaş and Tosçelik, and addresses Chinese HRC diversion to the Türkiye market following US Section 232 steel tariffs and EU CBAM/safeguard tightening.

Governor in Council made the China Surtax Order (2024) (SOR/2024-187) on 20 September 2024 under subsection 53(2) of the Customs Tariff, imposing a 100% surtax on Chinese-origin electric and certain hybrid passenger automobiles, trucks, buses, and delivery vans (HS chapters 87.02–87.04) effective 1 October 2024. An amending order (SOR/2024-202, registered 11 October 2024) extended a 25% surtax to a defined list of Chinese-origin steel and aluminum products (HS chapters 72 and 76) effective 22 October 2024. Canada framed the measures as a response to Chinese state-led overcapacity, non-market subsidies, and weak labour/environment standards, and explicitly aligned them with the US Section 301 hike and the EU's parallel anti-subsidy duties on Chinese EVs.

Presidential Decree (Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı) No. 8639, dated 7 June 2024 and published in the Resmi Gazete on 8 June 2024, amends Türkiye's Decision on the Application of Additional Customs Duty on Imports to impose a 40% additional ad valorem duty (or USD 7,000 per unit, whichever is higher) on China-origin passenger vehicles classified under HS heading 8703 — covering internal-combustion, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery-electric models. The measure entered into force 30 days after publication, on 7 July 2024, with an exemption for imports made under an Investment Incentive Certificate (Yatırım Teşvik Belgesi) — explicitly designed to channel Chinese OEMs into domestic Turkish assembly.

The US Department of Commerce preliminarily determined that producers and exporters of silicon metal from Kazakhstan received countervailable subsidies at a 120.00% economy-wide rate, and instructed US Customs and Border Protection to begin collecting cash deposits from importers at that rate. The countervailing-duty investigation was initiated 2020-07-27 following a June 2020 petition by Globe Specialty Metals, Inc. and Mississippi Silicon LLC, the same domestic petitioners behind the concurrent antidumping cases against Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, and Malaysia. 2019 Kazakh silicon metal imports subject to the case were valued at approximately $14.9 million.

The US Department of Commerce preliminarily determined that silicon metal from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Iceland is being sold in the United States at less than fair value, and instructed US Customs and Border Protection to begin collecting cash deposits from importers. Bosnia and Herzegovina's sole respondent, R-S Silicon d.o.o., and the all-others rate were set at 21.41%; Iceland's sole respondent, PCC Bakki Silicon hf, received 47.54%, with the all-others rate at 37.83%. A concurrent antidumping investigation of silicon metal from Malaysia, initiated on the same 2020-07-27 date, was not part of this preliminary determination and remained pending. The case followed a July 2020 petition by Globe Specialty Metals, Inc. and Mississippi Silicon LLC.

Mexico's Ley de Comercio Exterior (Foreign Trade Act, LCE), published in the Diario Oficial de la Federación on 27 July 1993 and entering into force 28 July 1993, is the foundational statute governing Mexico's entire external trade regulatory architecture. The LCE establishes the legal authority for the SECOFI/SE-administered antidumping (AD), countervailing duty (CVD), and safeguard investigation regime (Titles V–VII); the TIGIE tariff-schedule and tariff-classification framework; the IMMEX maquila and PROSEC sectoral-promotion programs; rules of origin for USMCA and other preferential trade agreements; and Mexico's export- licensing and strategic-material restriction framework. The LCE has been amended repeatedly through 2021 and remains the overarching parent authority for all Mexican trade-remedy proceedings administered by UPCI (Unidad de Prácticas Comerciales Internacionales) under the Secretaría de Economía.

The Tariff Act of 1930 (Pub. L. 71-361, 46 Stat. 590, codified principally at 19 U.S.C. Chapter 4) is the foundational US statute governing customs revenue, tariff classification, and trade-remedy administration, signed by President Hoover on 17 June 1930. The Act's original Smoot-Hawley tariff schedules are widely cited as a contributing factor to the contraction of global trade during the Great Depression, but the statute's enduring significance lies in its creation of (i) the Title VII antidumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) proceedings framework administered jointly by Commerce ITA and the USITC — the parent authority for every US AD/CVD order in force today — and (ii) Section 337 (19 U.S.C. §1337), the USITC unfair-import and IP-exclusion-order regime under which ~50+ active investigations are conducted annually against semiconductor, biotech, electronics, and other technology imports. Title I's customs-valuation and HTSUS tariff- classification framework underpins all US import-revenue collection; Title VII AD/CVD authority was updated by the GATT Tokyo Round Trade Agreements Act of 1979 and the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) to align with WTO Antidumping and Subsidies Agreements.